glossary NFPT Flashcards
abduction
movement of an extremity away from the midline of the body
acetate
an organic substance provided by the liver to be used for energy using cannibalized fat and muscle tissue
occurs during starvation and over exertion
actin
the smaller of two contractile elements which sustain damage through applied resistance and are repaired through anabolism resulting in hypertrophy of the myofibril
acute
rapid onset and severe symptoms of occurance, usually referring to injury
adipose
tissue used for storage of fat
adduction
movement of an extremity toward the midline of the body
ADP
resultant molecule of splitting ATP for energy also used to regenerate ATP
aerobic
requires use of oxygen to adequately meet energy demands
aerobic metabolism
extracts energy from carbs., fats, proteins… to form ATP when o2 is present
agonist (prime movers)
these muscles contract to create the ROM in a joint, they are primarily responsible for the movement
amino acids
organic acids that link together to form proteins… necessary for life
amylase
carb digestive enzymes found in saliva and pancreatic fluid that converts starch and glycogen into simple sugars
anaerobic
relating to the absence of o2
anaerobic glucolysis
production of ATP in the absence of o2
androgenic
contributing to the formation of male/female characteristics
anemia
condition in which o2 transport by RBCs is deficient
anabolism
the stage of metabolism where damaged tissue is being repaired
anatomy
scientific study of the form and structure of the human body
angina
Periodic severe pain in the chest radiating down the left shoulder and down the inner side of the arm, usually precipitated by physical exertion or emotional stress
antagonists
muscles act to return a limb to its original place, they oppose the movement of agonist
antagonistic multi-set
a slow superset involving the performance of two movements back to back, targeting antagonistic muscle groups
anterior
toward or on front of the body
arteriole
a very small artery
artery
a vessel through which the blood passes away from the heart to the various parts of the body
ATP
A continueously recycled molecule that transports chemical energy within cells for metabolism
atrium
each of the two upper chambers of the heart from which blood is passed to the ventricles, the receiving chambers
atrophy
a waste away or diminution in size of a cell, tissue, organ or part
ballistic
jerky or projectile movement, also known as “power training” or “olympic lifting”
- exhibit maximum velocities and accelerations over a very short period of time **
- *high firing rates, high force production and brief contraction times**
examples of ballisitic movements (i think)
box jump med ball throw squat jump trap bar jump oxympic lifting
beta oxidation
energy producing process involving the break down of long chains of fatty acids into two carbon molecules which enter metbolic pathways to produce ATP
Blood sugar
circulating glucose within the CV system
blood vessel
tubular structures carrying blood through the tissues and organs, a vein, artery or capillary
cannibolism
the breakdown and the use of body tissue for energy in the absence of nutrients
capillary
blood vessels that form a network btw the arterioles and venules, where food and oxygen are released to the body cells, and CO2 and other waste products return to the blood stream
bile
emulsifier of far; breaks fat down into easily metabolized droplets
cartilage
a tough yet flexible connective tissue located chiefly in the joints of major bones
catabolism
is the set of metabolic processes that break down molecules into smaller units to release energy
catalyst
a substance which changes the rate of a reaction but does not form part of the final product
cell
building block of life, able to independently replicate themselves… smallest structural and functional unit of all living things
cell respiration
aerobic metabolism
process for creating cell energy, occurring in the mitochondira
CSF
fluid that surrounds and circulates throughout the CNS
Citric acid cycle
The citric acid cycle, or Krebs cycle, is a series of chemical reactions used by all aerobic organisms to generate energy through the oxidization of acetate—derived from carbohydrates, fats, and proteins—into carbon dioxide. In addition, the cycle provides precursors including certain amino acids as well as the reducing agent NADH that is used in numerous biochemical reactions.
cycle makes up all of the processes that are involved in the metabolic chain of chemical reactions to generate energy in all aerobic organisms
collateral circulation
fluid (blood) movement outside the main cardiovascular tree
compensatory acceleration
the increase in speed of a repetition as the leverage improves
compound
the unity of two or more parts in the accomplishment of a task
uses mutliple muscle groups at the same time to perform a movement
examples of a compound lift
Squat Deadlift Lunge Bench press Dips Lying pullover Push ups Pull ups Lat pull downs Shoulder press Jump rope
benefits of compound lifts
Burning more calories per exercise, as more muscles are being used
Allows you to work more muscles in a short space of time, increasing the efficiency of your workout
Can help to improve coordination and balance
Can help to improve joint mobility and stability through moving in natural patterns
Increases your heart rate during strength training, helping to assist the improvement of the cardiovascular system
Allows you to exercise the same muscle group for longer periods with lower levels of fatigue
Allows you to lift heavier weights and build overall strength more quickly.
concentric contraction
occurrence of a contractile shortening of a muscle fiber or a group of fibers; positive rep
type of muscle activation that causes tension on your muscle as it shortens
examples of concentric contractions
bicep curl
hamstring curl
situp
coronary circulation
circulation of blood in the blood vessels of the heart muscle (myocardium)
cortisol
principle stress hormone released by the adrenal gland during times of physical and physiological stress, mobilizes fat and stimulates the liver to release cannibalizing enzymes into the bloodstream
cholesterol
substance found in blood born fats (lipids), it regulates membrane fluidity and functions as a precursor molecule in various metabolic pathways
chronic
gradual onset and very slow in recovery, usually refers to injury which is long in duration
chylomicrons
packaged form of fatty substances entering into the blood from digestion via the lympthatic system
creatine phosphate
acts as store of high energy phosphate in muscle tissue
cytosol
the fluid component of the cytoplasm of a cell where various organelles and particles are suspended
deamination
the undersireable breakdown and use of AAs for energy, performed by the liver, results in the toxic ammonia; later broken down into urea for excretion
deep muscle
muscle that is toward the inner body
delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS)
generally the result of eccentric contraction damage, it is the pain and soreness experienced within hours, or a day or two after strenuous or unaccustomed exercise
deviation
departure from the midline
diastole
in terms of BP
represents the period of time when the ventricles are relaxed and blood is going from the left atrium and right atrium into the left ventricle and right ventricle (respectively).
the reoccuring relaxation of the heart
dilation
the peripheral expansion of tissue; usually blood vessels
distal
furthest from the point of origin from center of the body
dorsiflexion
pointing the foot up towards the shin
dynamic constant external resistance (DCER)
resistance training where joint flexion and extension occur with each repetition; external resistance does not change
dynamic variable external resistance (DVER)
resistance training where external resistance is variable
eccentric contraction
controlling contraction of a muscle fiber or group of fibers from the fully contracted state to the starting position; contractile lengthening, the negative rep
the muscles that are lengthening are the agonist, doing all of the work to decelerate the muscle’s return to the starting point of the exercise (which occurs most importantly at the end range of the joint to prevent injury)
ectomorph
body type that is characterized by a relative tendency to remain very thin
edema
the presence of an abnormally large volume of fluid in the interstitial spaces of the body
endomorph
body type that is characterized by a relative tendency to remain heavy or obese
endomysium
fine connective tissue sheath surrounding the individual muscle cell fiber
enzyme
a substance produced by an organism that acts as a catalyst to bring about a specific biochemical reaction
epimysium
a fine connective tissue sheath that surrounds the entire muscle group, also known as deep fascia
equilibrium
the stage in metabolism where neither damage or repair is occurring; the cell is at rest
ergometer
device normally used for submaximal aerobic evaluation (exercise bike)
eversion
turning both feet outward so the soles face away from each other
exogenous
imposing an effect on the body from the outside environment
extension
the straightening of a joint that increases the angle
extracellular
all areas outside the tissue cell wall; usually referring to intramuscular areas
fascia
a thin sheath of fibrous tissue enclosing a muscle or other organ
provides support and some protection
thought that each “line” encases a specific muscle group… if one muscle is negatively impacted then the others will be impacted as well
trauma… muscle tension… can decrease blood flow –> inflammation of fascia and corresponding muscle –> if this persists for long fibrosis can occur
fascicle
a bundle of muscle fibers
fatty acids
the body’s desired source of energy during steady state aerobic activity, and low level activity; used for
ATP production in muscle tissue during recovery glycogen replenishment
fixators
these muscles provide stabilization to support the rest of the body during the respective movement, and are
sometimes referred to as stabilizers
flexion
the bending of a joint that decreases the angle
forced rep
performing repetitions of an exercise beyond concentric failure with the assistance of spotter
glucose
the principle blood sugar
glucose polymers
chain of glucose molecules linked together
gluco-stix
blood blotting stick used in conjunction with glucometer testing
glycemic index
is a number associated with a particular type of food that indicates the food’s impact on a person’s blood glucose level. The number typically ranges between 50 and 100. On the extreme end of the scale the number 100 represents near pure glucose
glycemic load
a rating given to food as a measure of the quanitity of carb
glycerol
component of triglycerides capable of conversion to glucose
glycogen
the primary form of stored glucose
glyconeogenesis
the intermittent release of stored glycogen from the liver to regulate blood sugar, primarily for brain
function
glycolysis
energy production using glucose
golgi tendon organ (GTO)
a proprioceptive sensory nerve ending embedded among the fibers of a tendon that prevents muscle contraction just short of serious acute muscle injury related to extreme overload
gonadotrophic hormones
pituitary homrones released to act on the testes and adrenal glands
growth hormone
also known as somatotropin or somatropin, is a stress hormone that raises the concentration
of glucose and fatty acids. It stimulates growth, cell reproduction and regeneration
gynecomastia
enlargement of breasts in the male as a result of hormonal manipulation
hormones
regulatory substances transported in tissue fluids to stimulate specific cells that control a specific body
process
hydrolysis
water based decomposition
hyperextension
extension beyond normal limits, over extended
hyperplasia
an increase in the size of a muscle or organ resulting from an increase in the number of structural muscle/organ cells
hypertonic
having an osmotic pressure greater than that of another solution with which it is compared
hypertrophic protein synthesis
proces by which actin and myosin are repaired
hypertrophy
the enlargement or overgrowth of a part due to an increas ein the size of its cell
hypoextension
extension that is less than normal, under extended
hypotonic
having an osmotic pressure lower than that of a solution with which it is compared
internal rotation
movement in which the anterior surface of the humerus (upper arm) turns inward toward the midline of the body
impermeable
not permitting for passage, usually fluid
inferior
below, toward the lower part of the body
innervation
a nerve supply that stimulates a motor unit to contract regardless of the angle of resistance, so long as the action potential exceeds the motor unit’s contractile threshold
insertion
place of attachment of a muscle to the bone which it moves; occurs at the end of the muscle furthest from
the body
insulin
hormone released during high blood sugar levels, or at the onset of exercise, responsible for reducing blood sugar to its normal level through its mediating affect on the uptake of sugar into various body tissues to include muscle and fat
insulin receptor sites
gateways located on various body tissues, which in the presence of insulin, allow for the transport of nutrients into the cell
intracellular
situated inside the cell
intramusclular
areas which are situated anywhere inside a muscle group
intercostal
muscles that are situated between the ribs
interstitial
pertaining to, or situated in, the gaps between tissues
inversion
turning of both feet so soles face each other
isokinetic contraction
muscle contracts and shortens at a constant rate of speed
isometric contraction
static contraction; contraction of a muscle resulting in neither shortening or lengthening of the tissues
isolation
to single out and develop a part separately
joint
the location at which two or more bones come together for movement and mechanical support; the intersection of bones
keto acid
an acid containing a ketone group in addition to the acid group
keto-stix
self-test sticks used to determine urine levels of acetate, ketones
ketones
by-product of tissue use for energy, produced by the body when fat instead of glucose is burned for energy; large amounts of toxic to brain function
kinematics
a branch of biomechanics that specifically studies the time tajen to carry out an activity
kinesiology
study of anatomy, physiology, mechanics of human movment , also known as human kinetics
kyphosis
excessive outward curvature of the spine
lactic acid
a fuel that assists pyruvate and accumulates in muscle fibers during anaerobic glycolysis, faster than can
be completely used inhibiting contraction; once removed, can be converted back into energy by the liver
lateral
away from the middle of the body
leverage
an angle from which resistance is applied against muscular contraction
ligament
strong stretchy bands of tough, fibrous tissue that holds joints together
attach bone to bone, provide integrity and strength… less elastic than tendons (aka = more prone to being torn)
lipolytic enzymes
fat digestive enzymes
lipolysis
breakdown of fats and other lipids by hydrolysis to release fatty acids
lordosis
excessive inward curvature of the spine
lymphatic vessels
network of vessels that transports fluids from the interstitial areas back into the bloodstream
lypase
one of two principle fat burning enzymes
medial
toward midline/middle of bod
menisci
crescent shaped structure that partly divides a joint cavity, provides cushioning at the joint’s surface
mesomorph
body type characterized by a relative tendency to remain/appear muscular and maintain normal weight
metabolic oxidation
chemical energy being made available for synthesis of ATP as one atom becomes oxidized and another atom becomes reduced
metabolism
the chemical reactions that are required for maintaining a living state of cells in an organism. It is the
sum of all the chemical and physical changes that take place in the body and enable continued growth and functioning
minerals
naturally occuring inorganic substance obtained from food; cannot be synthesized by the body
mitochondira
these cell organelles take in nutrients and break them down to create energy for the cell
molecule
the smallest unit of a chemical compound, always in motion, made up of atoms that are held together by
chemical bonds formed by sharing or exchanging electrons
motor unit
a group of fibers stimulated to contract simultaneously in response to an action potential (resistance) of
sufficient intensity to surpass its threshold of sensitivity
myocyte
: also known as the individual muscle fiber, it is the actual muscle cell found in the muscle tissue
myofibril
contractile proteins inside the cell comprised of actin and myosin
myosin
the larger of the two contractile elements making up the myofibrils
neuron
a nerve cell transmitting an impulse allowing for the contraction of a motor unit
nucleolus
surrounds nucleus and houses RNA
nucleus
the controlling organelle embedded in cell membrane and houses DNA
organ
a group of tissues joined together to function for a specific purpose inside the living organism
organelle
any organized/specialized structure within a living cell (e.g. nucleus, mitochondria)
organism
the material structure, as a whole, of any living thing
organ system
group of organs working together to function as an entire system inside the living organism
origin
the attachment of a muscle at the end closest to the center of the body
oxidative phosphorylation
: the metabolic pathway, occurring in the electron transport chain, where energy that is
released by the oxidation of chemical compounds generated in the citric acid cycle are used to reform ATP
peptides
short chains of amino acid molecules linked together
peripheral
toward the extremities
perfusion
passage of blood through the vascular tissue into muscular interstitial space, providing for oxygen and
nutrient rich blood to be delivered to body tissue
perimysium
connective tissue sheath surrounding each motor unit
phospholipids
a lipid consisting of a glycerol bound to two fatty acids and a phosphate group; they form the lipid
bilayer in cell membranes
plantar flexion
flexing foot downward
plateau
period of training in which no progress is observed
posterior
toward or on the back of the body
prime mover
a muscle group directly responsible for the movement of resistance in a given exercise
working muscles involved in the activation of smaller muscles and major joints to complete respective movement, but don’t work alone
pronation
palm of hand turning downward into a posterior position when arm is down at side; the inward roll of the
foot/arch decreased during normal walking motion
protease
protein digesting enzymes
protraction
forward (anterior) movement of the body
proximal
closest to the point of origin from the center of the body
pulmonary circulation
process in the CV system by which blood flows between the heart and lungs
pyruvate
converted form of intracellular glucose used for producing ATP energy with o2
RBCs (erythrocytes)
contains the pigment hemoglobin; transports oxygen and carbon dioxide to and from
the tissues
retraction
backward (posterior) movement of a body part
ribosomes
elements located along myofibrils which act to manufacture and repair actin and myosin
rotation
external rotation is the movement of the body part away from the axis or center of the body; internal rotation is the movement of the body part towards the axis or center of the body
rough sarcoplasmic reticulum
houses ribosomes and surrounds myofibrils
sarcolemma
a fine membrane that the myofibrils are wrapped in
sarcomere
contractile units of skeletal muscle, occurring in repeating segments along the length of the myofibril
sarcoplasma
gelatinous viscous material that encloses the individual muscle fibers
sarcoplasmic reticulum
a system of tubules, surrounding each myofibril, that transmits electrical impulses to ‘excite’
the sarcolemmal membrane into releasing the calcium ions and activating the contraction; calcium ions are released
during muscle contraction and absorbed during relaxation
scoliosis
abnormal lateral curvature of the spine
sliding filament theory
the result of a repetitive cycle of thin filaments sliding over thick filaments, generating
tension in the muscle, thus shortening the length of the sarcomere which shortens the length of the muscle fiber, enabling the contraction
stress hormones
released by the hormone regulating endocrine system, in situations that are potentially dangerous
or stressful. These hormones, such as cortisol and epinephrine, mobilize energy from storage to muscles, increasing
heart rate and blood pressure and decreasing metabolic and immune processes
supination
palm of hand turning upward into an anterior position when arm is down at side; the outward roll of the foot, ‘under-pronation’/arch heightened during normal walking motionSuperficial: towards the outer surface of the body
superior
above, toward the upper part of the body
synergists
These muscles neutralize the extra motion from the agonists, and are sometimes referred to as neutralizers; they make sure that the force of the movement is acceptable for the desired plane of motion
provide balance for the working muscles
synovial fluid
is a viscous fluid found in the spaces of synovial joints (such as a knee joint). The fluid prevents the
bones of a joint from direct contact with each other, so as to eliminate friction
synthesis
combining parts to form a more complete whole
systemic circulation
process of the cardiovascular system which carries oxygenated blood away from the heart to the
body, and returns deoxygenated blood back to the heart
systole
in terms of blood pressure, represents the time during which the left and right ventricles contract and eject
blood into the aorta and pulmonary artery, respectively. A recurring contraction of the heart
tendon
fibrous cord of connective tissue in which the muscles end, and are where muscles attach to bone or other
structures
can be ruptured but much stronger than muscle/periosteum of the bone so muscle/bone would be injured before tendon
tissue
a collection of similar cells from the same origin that function together for a specific purpose
trigylcerides
a compound formed from glycerol and three fatty acid groups; they are the main component of natural
fats and oils
tropic
triggering or influencing an action
tubercles
the rounded nodules, or outgrowths, on bones that generally serve as sites for muscle insertions
type 2 diabetes
chronic disease in which there are high levels of sugar (glucose) in the blood, the most common
form of diabetes
Urinary urea nitrogen test
a method by which nitrogen is measured in the urine
valsalva maneuver
increasing of intrathoracic pressure by holding the breath and straining against a closed glottis;
typically associated with coughing, defecation, and weight lifting
vein
vessel through which blood is delivered to the heart
ventricle
chamber of the heart responsible for pumping blood to the aorta, the sending chambers; the heart has two
of these chambers (left and right)
vessels
a hollow tube or canal (e.g. artery, vein or lymphatic) in which a body fluid is contained or circulated
vitamin
any group of organic compounds that are essential for growth and nutrition; cannot be synthesized by the
body
vo2 max
the maximum amount of oxygen that the body can use during exercise, where (V) = Volume and (O₂max) =
Oxygen Maximum
wellness
the quality or state of being in good health, especially as an actively sought after goal
WBCs (leukocytes)
colorless cells that circulate in the body and blood fluids involved in counteracting foreign substances and disease
myofascial release
soft tissue therapy that can help to break the cycle of fibrosis through stimulation of the stretch reflex, improve blood flow and relax contracted muscles
muscle groups of antagonists
Muscle Groups Pectoralis minor/Rhomboids (shoulder girdle) Pectoralis major/Infraspinatus & Teres minor (shoulder joint) Latissimus Dorsi/Deltoid Anterior Deltoid/Posterior Deltoid Left and Right External Obliques Quadriceps/Hamstrings Biceps/Triceps Forearm flexors/Extensors
anatagonist exercise movements examples
Tricep push downs/Curls
Bench press/Wide row
Front squat/Supine leg curl
Reverse wrist curls/wrist curls
