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Personal Trainer's Cert > Body's Major Systems > Flashcards

Body's Major Systems Flashcards

1
Q

function of muscles

A

produce force, maintain posture, allow for movement and produce heart
** the tissues in muscles contract **

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2
Q

tendons

A

connect muscles to bones

when muscles contract they pull tendons

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3
Q

origin

A

point in which muscle joins stationary bone

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4
Q

insertion

A

point in which muscle joins moving bone

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5
Q

what happens to the origin and insertion point during muscle contraction

A

the insertion point moves towards the origin

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6
Q

skeletal muscles

A

allow body to perform “work,” working closely with the cardiorespiratory system as a direct “support system”

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7
Q

five major functions of the skeletal system

A

protects vital organs
supports body’s framework, upright verticle shape
produce red and white blood cells within the bone marrow
stores minerals and fats
regulates mineral balance, releases minerals into blood as needed

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8
Q

tubercles

A

act as sites for muscle insertion

*grooves and crests act as specific points of attachment

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9
Q

joint

A

two or more msucles join together for movement and mechanical support, the “intersection of bones”
held together by stretchy bands called ligaments

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10
Q

cartilage

A

flexible connective tissue that has a smooth, shiny surface

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11
Q

synovial fluid

A

keeps the bones apart with this thin film of slippery fluid

keeps bones from scratching and bumping against each other during movement

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12
Q

how much blood is in the human body

A

4-5 liters

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13
Q

blood contains…

A

hormones, oxygen and nutrients

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14
Q

hormones

A

regulatory substances transported in tissue fluids for stimulating specific cells that control the specific body process

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15
Q

heart acts as a…

A

double pump, pumping blood to both the lungs and to the rest of the body

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16
Q

capillaries

A

form a network of blood vessels betweent he arterioles and the venules
in the capillaries, food and oxygen are released to the body cells, and carbon dioxide and other waste products are returned to the bloodstream
also wrap around the alveoli

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17
Q

capillaries thin walls info

A

walls are so thin and close to each other that air easily seeps through
oxygen in the lungs seeps through the thin capillary walls and into the bloodstream , while CO2 is then removed from the body when we breathe out

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18
Q

what muscle controls the breathing process

A

diaphragm
as diaphragm contracts –> flattens –> causes chest to expand, allowing air to be sucked into the lungs

diaphragm relaxes –> expands –> chest collapses and air in the lungs is forced out

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19
Q

Nerves

A

transmit information as electrical impulses from one area of the body to another
some nerves carry information to the brain, allowing us to hear, see, semll, taste and touch
other nerves carry info from the brain to the muscles, controlling body movments

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20
Q

nervous system is divided into…

A

CNS (brain and spinal cord)

PNS (ANS and SNS)

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21
Q

CNS

A

processing hub that sends and receives information to and from the entire body

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22
Q

PNS

A

like a messenger between the brain and the rest of the body

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23
Q

ANS

A

operates involuntary motor nerve processes

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24
Q

main part of the digestive system

A

digestive tract: a long tube that runs through the middle of the body… beginning at the mouth

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25
Q

mouth

A

chewing mixes the food with watery saliva from 6 salivary glands around the mouth and face

26
Q

esophagus

A

muscular tube

moves food by waves of muscle contractions called peristalisis

27
Q

stomach

A

secretes strong protein digesting juices and acids that attack the food in a chemical way, breaking down and disolving its nutrients

can take between 30 mins to a few hours to digest a meal then proceeds to the small intestine

28
Q

pancreas

A

in the digestive system acts like the stomach, makes powerful digestive juices (enzymes) that further break down food as it enters the small intestine

29
Q

gall bladder

A

stores fluid called bile (bile is made in the liver)

bile acts to further digest fatty foods

30
Q

small intestine

A

more enzymes continue to attack the food, this is where most of the absorption of nutrients occurs

eventually, nutrients are small enough to pass through the lining of the small intestine and into the blood (then are also carried away to the liver and other body parts to be processed, stored and distributed)

31
Q

liver

A

blood from the intestines flows to the liver, carrying nutrients, vitamins/minerals and other products from digestion

stores nutrients, can change them from one form to another, releasing them into the blood depending on the body’s needs

32
Q

large intestine

A

useful substances such as spare water and body minerals are absorbed through the walls of the large intestine and back into the blood

remains are formed into semi-solid waste product, feces… to be removed from the body

33
Q

rectum

A

stores feces

34
Q

other defense mechanisms aside from the immune system

A

the skin
the linings of the respiratory and digestive passageways
the blood-clotting process
the white cells and other substances in the blood
the thymus gland in the chest and the small lymph nodes or glands that are located throughout the body

35
Q

the body’s immune system includes:

A

contains several kinds of white cells found in the blood, body fluids and lymph nodes

36
Q

white cells can be found in the following areas:

A

lymph nodes
thymus gland
spleen
tonsills and adenoids

37
Q

lymph nodes

A

distributed widely throughout the body, acts as filters - or germ traps
contain billions of WBCs… during infection or illness lymph nodes fill up with millions of extra white cells and “dead” pathogens

** noticable swelling may be indicative of an infection **

38
Q

thymus gland

A

produces and educates T-cells (T-lumphocyte cells)

orchestrated in the thymus for the purpose of attacking foreign substances and responding to infected cells

during aging process, they will slowly shrink and evnetually degenerate into tiny islands of fatty tissue

39
Q

spleen

A

makes and stores various kinds of WBC + RBCs

** spleen is a blood filter that functions in the immune system to decrease susceptibility and fight off infection **

40
Q

tonsils and adenoids

A

helps to destory foreign substances that are breathed in or swallowed

tonsils –> upper rear part of the throat
adenoids –> at the rear of the nasal cavity in the nose (where the nose and throat meet)

41
Q

endocrine system

A

made up of glands that mainly use hormones as information channels

42
Q

glands

A

release chemical messengers called hromones into the bloodstream

43
Q

hormones

A

transport signals from one cell to another, for the purpose of generating a specific response, regulating the varied functions of an organism

44
Q

what functions do hormones regulate

A

mood
sleep
growth and development
metabolism

45
Q

significant role of endocrine glands

A

regulate and stabilize the body’s internal properties

MAINTAINS A STABLE PHYSIOLOGICAL EQUILIBRIUM

** remember these glands secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream **

46
Q

pituitary gland

A

master gland
secretes hormones that affect and control functions like skeletal growth, development of sex glands (ovaries and testes), bp, pain relief and the stimulating functions of other endocrine glands

47
Q

thyroid gland

A

controls how quickly the body uses energy and regulates metabolism

48
Q

adrenal gland

A

synthesizes and releases hormones in response to stress, such as adrenalin and noradrenalin

49
Q

pineal gland

A

produces the hormone melatonin which stimulates and affects our sleep and daily rhythmic patterns

50
Q

pancreas

A

plays role in digestive and endocrine system

secretes the hormones insulin and glucagon for blood sugar regulation

51
Q

EXOcrine glands

A

such as salivary gland, sweat glands and glands within the gi tract

excrete their product to an external environment by way of ducts

52
Q

overview of skeletal system

A

provides body’s structural support and protection

53
Q

overview of circulatory system

A

pumps blood to and from the body, sustained by the heart and lungs (composed of the cardiovascular and cardiorespiratory systems)

54
Q

overview of respiratory system

A

the organ system for breathing, it takes in, transports and removes gases to and from the blood for continued cellular function

55
Q

overview of nervous system

A

communicates all autonomic and voluntary messages to all body parts with the brain, spinal cord and nerves

56
Q

overview of digestive system

A

takes in, breaks down, transports, potentially transforms, and eliminates all food substances so that they can provide energy or substances for growth, maintenance or repair

57
Q

overview of immune system

A

protects the body from attacks by unwanted foreign invaders. Although it is one of the smallest systems in the body it is one of the most spread out and important systems

58
Q

overview of endocrine system

A

the system of glands that communicate and maintain

homeostasis using specific hormone secretions into the bloodstream

59
Q

integumentary system

A

protects the body, consists of fat, skin, hair and nails

60
Q

reproductive system

A

system of sex organs that work together for reproduction

61
Q

urinary system

A

also known as the renal system, supports elimination of waste, regulation of blood volume/pressure/pH and control levels of electrolytes and metabolites

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