anatomical terms and biomechanics Flashcards
anatomy
scientific study of the form and structure of the human body
biomechanics
study of the mechanical movement of the human body within the actions of external and internal forces
focuses on the effects of the “forces of life,” external and internal, on human mechanics, especially on skeletomuscular and joint structure and function
anterior (ventral)
toward or on the front of the body
EX: pectoralis major
posterior (dorsal)
toward or on the back of the body
EX: rhomboid muscles
superior
above or toward the upper part of the body
EX: humerus is superior to the ulna
inferior
below, toward the lower part of the body
EX: tibia is inferior to the femur
proximal
closest to the point of origin from the center of the body
EX: knee is proximal to the ankle
distal
furthest from the point of origin from the center of the body
EX: the ankle is distal to the hip
medial
towards the middle of the body
EX: the sternum is medial to the humerus
lateral
away from the middle of the body
EX: the arms are lateral to the chest
peripheral
towards the extremities
deep muscle
towards the inner body
superficial
toward outer surface
anatomical positioning
relative to the body or to the other structures, respectively when standing upright with palms facing forward
kinesiology
study of anatomy, physiology and mechanics of the human movement, also known as human kinetics
biology
study of life and living matter, including structure and function
kinematics
branch of biomechanics that specifically studies the time taken to carry out an activity
TIME TAKEN TO CARRY OUT AN ACTIVITY
abduction
movement away from the body or body part’s midline; lifting up arms to a horizontal position at your side
adduction
movement toward the body or body part’s midline; lowering your arm from the horizontal position back down to your side
flexion
the bending of a joint that decreases the angle; bending at the elbow
extension
the straightening of a joint that increases the angle; straightening at the elbow
circumduction
motion of a circular movement, like rotating the foot around the ankle; arm circles is an example
what movements are involved in circumduction
abduction, adduction, flexion and extension movements in a ball-and-socket joint
rotation
internal rotation is the movement of the body part about its axis turning inward or toward the center/midline of the body
external rotation is the movement of the body part turning outward or away from the center/midline of the body
protraction
forward (anterior) movement of a body part; generally referring to scapulae and skull/cervical spine
retraction
backward (posterior) movement of a body part; generally referring to scapulae and skull/cervical spine
hypoextension
extension that is less than normal, under-extenderd; not being able to extend at the knee because of a tight hamstring
hyperextension
extension beyond normal limits, over extended; a body part or joint is bent backwards too far
gliding
movement of non-angular joints over each other
** two bones slide upon each other thus permitting only back and forth and side to side motions **
deviation
departure from the midline
movements specific to only the hands/palms and feet
pronation supination inversion eversion dorsiflexion plantar flexion
pronation
palm of hand turning downward into a posterior position when arm is down at side; the inward roll of the foot/arch decreased during normal walking motion
supination
palm of hand turning upward into an anterior position when arm is down at side; the outward roll of the foot, ‘under-pronation’/arch heightened during normal
walking motion
inversion
turning both feet inward so the soles face each other
eversion
turning both feet outward so the soles face away from each other
dorsiflexion
(ankle) pointing foot up towards the shin
plantar flexion
(ankle) pointing foot downward (e.g. going up on tiptoes)
types of muscle contractions
isometric
isokinetic
isotonic concentric
isotonic eccentric
muscle contractions
allow for the given muscle to perform work and move within its range of motion (ROM) or the degree of freedom for which a joint can move through, usually referring to its full range of flexion and extension
isometric contraction
load on the muscle is greater than the generated tension, results in no movement taking place
tension is developed but no mechanical work is done
muscle attempts to push or pull a load/object that is immovable or when you purposely hold a static position against resistance
NO APPRECIABLE JOINT MOVEMENT AND OVERALL LENGTH OF MUSCLE STAYS THE SAME
isokinetic contraction
muscle contracts and shortens at a constant rate of speed, allows muscle to gain strength evenly all throguh the entire ROM
quickest method for incr muscle strength , but requires equipment that increases the load as it senses the contraction speeding up
CONS: specializes, expensive equipement… not commonly used
isotonic contraction
simple contraction
load on the muscle is less than the generated tension, resulting in movement
tension is developed and mechanical work can be done, like when successfully pushing or pulling a load/object
types of isotonic contractions
concentric contraction
eccentric contraction
concentric contraction
muscle belly decreases/shortens in length and the angle at the joint decreases
“positive part” of the repetition
brings the involved bones together
typically an active/voluntary action resulting in movement
eccentric contraction
muscle belly decreases/shortens in length and the angle at the joint increases
“negative part” of the repetition where the controlled resistance is returned to the starting position of the exercise
contraction can be voluntary, in order to stimulate adaptation, or involuntary, in order to protect the joint
planes of motion
human body is broken up into three primary planes or flat surfaces: frontal, sagital and transverse
these sections are cut/drawn through the center of the body and describe movement that is parallel to the plane
represent the planes of motion the body is capable of moving through; axis = stationary and invisible straight line around the body rotates
functional movements are…
tri-planar or three dimensional in that all three planes will experience motion but typically we refer to the plane that the movement is biomechanically dominant
sagittal plane
DIVIDES: right and left sides, lies vertically
MOTION: Flexion/Extension
EXAMPLES: Squat, Bicep Curl, Lunge, Walking
*PARASAGITTAL PLANE is any plane that runs parallel
to the sagittal plane
frontal plane (aka coronal or lateral plane)
DIVIDES: front half (anterior) and back half
(posterior), lies vertically
MOTION: Abduction/Adduction
EXAMPLES: Lateral Raise, Pull-down, Side Bends,
Military Press
transverse plane
DIVIDES: below (inferior) and above (superior)
parts, lies horizontally
MOTION: Internal Rotation/External Rotation
EXAMPLES: Rotation at waist (e.g. swinging a golf
club or baseball bat), Bench Press
oblique
describes a diagonal movement, or a hybrid/combination of two planes; the angle or exact combination of planes, is not specified by terms
what joints does flexion occur in
hinge and ball and socket joints
elevation
motion of a limb superiorly, occurring only at the scapula (shoulder shrug)
depression
opposite of elevation, at the scapula, when moving to an inferior position
lateral flexion
side to side movement, bending the vertebrae in the frontal plane away from the midline in a lateral direction
what joints does internal and external rotation occur in
ball and socket joints
protraction/retraction
has to do with the scapulae moving along the sagittal plane, unilaterally or bilaterally
** if the shoulder joint moves into horizontal adduction, the action of protraction aides in adding range of motion to the upper extremity
what joints are being exercised/worked significantly
hip and knee
basic term for the movement of the hip and knee joint
hip = extension knee = flexion
at which positions should there be focus on control and holding the joint position as to avoid impingements/injuries?
scapulae spine hips knees ankles
bones and joints important facts
possess properties that are both rigid and elastic
ratio rigid:elastic increases overtime… reason why older adults have brittle bones
bones can bend/stretch to very small degrees… once limit is exceeded fractures can occur
bones are in a constant state of replacement
adult bone structure is divided into two parts
axial skeleton: trunk or center of the body (80 bones)
appendicular skeleton: limbs and extremities (126 bones)
long bones
Examples: clavicle, humerus, radius, ulna, femur, tibia, fibula, metacarpals, metatarsals, phalanges
crucial for load bearing and mobility of the body
middle of the body (medullary cavity) contains cancellous bone (spongy bone with porous areas) that allow blood to pass through and bone marrow to be formed
short bones
EX: carpels and tarsals
strength and compactness… provide stability and support but very limited movement
flat bones
EX: cranium, scapula, ribs, sternum, ilium (pelvis)
very broad, flat plates… function mainly for protection and provision for muscular attachment
irregular bones
EX: vertebrae, sacrum, coccyx, mandible, hyoid
function as a point of attachment for various muscle as well as protection form the nervous system
sesamoid bones
EX: joint bones in the hands, knee (patella) and feet
found where tendon passes over a joint… bone embedded in the tendon
these help to increase the tendons’ mechanical advantage and help protect tendons from flattening into the joint
difference between cervical/lumbar vs thoracic spine
cervical/lumbar –> spine curves inward… allow for more extension/bending backwards
thoracic –> curves slightly outward… allows for more flexion/bending forward
scoliosis
when the spine curves sideways in the transverse plane
the spine is…
very strong… protecting the spinal cord and sensitive nerve roots
very flexible, allows for multi-planar movement
the base for attachment and structural support
pelvic girdle is made up of
2 coxal (hip) bones made up of 3 fused parts
ilium (largest, uppermost part)
ischium (forms the lower and back part of the hip bone… is the strongest of the hip bones)
pubis (where the L and R hip bones join)
pelvic girdle overview
In short, the pelvic girdle consists of 2 coxal (hip) bones, right and left, that join to the sacrum to complete the pelvis. The coxal bones (ilium, ischium and pubis), sacrum and two femoral (thigh) bones create a weight-bearing arch to accommodate the weight of the body and to withstand the impact forces from landing on the feet.
the degree of movement possible at a joint depends on a number of factors, including:
• The type and structure of the joint
• The structure or shape of the articulating bones, which determines “fit”
• How flexible or inflexible the joint ligaments are. Tight ligaments restrict range of motion and direct the movement of the articulating bones on each other.
• The arrangement and strength of the associated
muscles and tendons. Tension of the muscle commonly reinforces ligaments.
• Soft tissue may limit mobility of a joint (e.g., the amount of flexion at the elbow may be limited by the amount of adipose tissue, muscle tissue, and skin of the forearm and upper arm).
• Hormone production, such as relaxin which is a protein hormone that increases in production to relax the joints in pregnant women to facilitate childbirth.
stability and integrity of a joint is d/t
ligaments that connect the two bones together and how “snug” their fit is
more snug = less range of motion
joints are primarily classified by…
structure and function
structure of a joint
identified by how the bones connect to each other (What they are made of)
function of a joint
identified by their ROM in the planes that the joint can move along at one time (how they move)
three main structural classifications of joints
** identified by their function i.e. mobility **
ligamentous: immovable
cartilaginous: slightly moveable
synovial: highly moveable
ligamentous/fibrous
no joint cavity
bound by strong, fibrous connective tissue
ex: btw bones of the skull
cartilaginous
attached by cartilage or fibro-cartilaginous tissue
ex: growth regions in immature long bones (in children); discs btw spinal vertebrae
synovial
joints have space btw articulating bones filled with synovial fluid
articular ends have cartilage (decr friction and cushions bones)
EX: ball and socket (Shoulder); pivot (elbow)
