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GCSE History - Normans > Glossary > Flashcards

Glossary Flashcards

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1
Q

Housecarls

A

Professional well-trained soldiers.

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2
Q

Minting

A

Process of making coins.

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3
Q

Burghs

A

Anglo-saxon fortifications.

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4
Q

Fyrd

A

Peasant army.

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5
Q

Thegn

A

An Anglo-saxon who owned land but was not noble.

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6
Q

Exile

A

Being sent to another country which is not your own particularly for political reasons.

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7
Q

Witan

A

Council of senior nobles and churchmen who advise the king.

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8
Q

Sub-regulus

A

Deputy king.

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9
Q

Earl

A

A member of the nobility.

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10
Q

Earldom

A

An area of land owned by an earl.

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11
Q

Godwin

A

Influential family of earls during the reign of Edward the Confessor.

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12
Q

Allegiance

A

An agreement to be on someone else’s side, often in war.

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13
Q

Novissima Verba

A

To be promised the throne upon a death bed.

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14
Q

Post Obitum

A

A designation or bequest of a throne.

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15
Q

Aethling

A

Of noble birth.

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16
Q

Relic

A

A holy object such as the bones or belongings of a saint.

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17
Q

Oath

A

Sacred promise => cannot/ not supposed to be broken.

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18
Q

Papal Banner

A

Formal support given by the Pope to a King.

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19
Q

Holy War

A

A war fought either on behalf of God or with the support of God.

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20
Q

Cavalry

A

Soldiers on horseback.

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21
Q

Shield Wall

A

Anglo-Saxon defence strategy; soldier interlinked circular shields with the aim of creating an impenetrable wall.

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22
Q

Infantry

A

Foot soldiers.

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23
Q

Lance

A

Long wooden weapon with a pointed metal head.

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24
Q

Mercenary

A

A soldier who can be hired to fight for money.

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25
Q

Archer

A

Soldier with a bow and arrow.

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26
Q

Mobilise

A

To prepare an army for war.

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27
Q

Coronation

A

Ceremony of crowning a monarch.

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28
Q

Circa

A

Relating to dates, meaning ‘around’ or ‘approximately’.

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29
Q

Inherit

A

To be given/gifted something from someone after they died.

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30
Q

Gonfannon

A

A type of heraldic flag or banner.

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31
Q

Feigned retreat

A

Pretending to run away.

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32
Q

Demoralised

A

Lost confidence or hope.

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33
Q

Desertion

A

Leaving an army without permission.

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34
Q

Apologists

A

Someone who puts forward a view designed to make a person or group appear more acceptable.

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35
Q

Propoganda

A

Deliberately chosen information presented in order to influence people to think something specific.

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36
Q

Fealty

A

A promise to be loyal to someone of higher social status in the feudal system.

37
Q

Motte

A

Mound - either manmade or natural; used for Norman castle building.

38
Q

Bailey

A

Encircled area of land around/at base of motte.

39
Q

Keep

A

Secure/safe building to house Norman earls on top of the motte.

40
Q

Marchlands

A

Area of land on the border between countries/ territories.

41
Q

Fortifications/Forts

A

Defences in case of an attack.

42
Q

Crenellations

A

Battlements.

43
Q

Rampart

A

Defensive wall of a castle.

44
Q

Regent

A

Someone who rules a country in the absence of the monarch.

45
Q

Harrying

A

The devastation of the North of England in 1070.

46
Q

Danelaw

A

An area of land extending from the North East of England to East Anglia where most of the population were of Danish descent.

47
Q

Salting

A

Throwing salt over farmland to make it infertile.

48
Q

Guerilla

A

A type of warfare where soldiers fight in small groups and hide in order catch out the enemy, who is usually larger/more powerful than them.

49
Q

Fenlands

A

Low area of marshy land.

50
Q

Outlaw

A

A person who is not under the protection of the law; if they were caught they would be punished for previous crimes, often by death.

51
Q

Disinherit

A

To cut someone out of someone’s will.

52
Q

Aristocracy

A

The highest-ranking people (except the monarch) in most societies.

53
Q

Feudal System

A

The medieval social system in which the vassal gives fealty and military service to the monarch in return for land and titles.

54
Q

Patronage

A

Land, titles or power given to ensure an individual’s support.

55
Q

Villein

A

A peasant.

56
Q

Baron

A

A person at the lower end of the nobility who held land from the king.

57
Q

Social Hierarchy

A

A system with layers of classes.

58
Q

Fief

A

Land held in the feudal system.

59
Q

Tenants-in-chief

A

Someone who held land from the king.

60
Q

Subinfeudation

A

The splitting of land with a social inferior, by a lord who expected homage in return.

61
Q

Scutage

A

Tax paid to the monarch instead of service.

62
Q

Fiscal Feudalism

A

System under which land could be exchanged for military service or money.

63
Q

Garrison

A

A strong building or fortress designed to defend the occupants.

64
Q

Geld

A

Tax levied to pay for something specific, e.g, a war.

65
Q

Hides

A

An area of land.

66
Q

Ploughs

A

A machine used in farming to turn soil, moved by either a man or an ox.

67
Q

Hundred

A

A subdivision of an Anglo-Saxon shire, which were 100 hides in size (a hide is c120 acres).

68
Q

Homage

A

Special honour or respect shown publicly.

69
Q

Sheriff

A

The king’s chief legal official in the area.

70
Q

Honorial Court

A

Often in castles; where tenants could appeal against their landlord.

71
Q

Jury

A

Members of the public who hear legal cases.

72
Q

Primogeniture

A

Process by which the eldest son inherited all the land or titles from his father; younger sons/daughters would be left with nothing.

73
Q

Ecclesiastical

A

Issues concerning the church and religion.

74
Q

Murdrum Fine

A

The heavy fine payable to the king by an entire area where the criminal lived if a Normal earl was murdered.

75
Q

Reeve

A

A senior official such as chief magistrate.

76
Q

Demesne

A

All the land owned by a particular lord.

77
Q

Serfs

A

A person who had to give services to the lord and transferred along with the land.

78
Q

Bailiff

A

Someone who collected tax for the landlord.

79
Q

Pottage

A

Soup made from beans and peas and flavoured with herbs.

80
Q

Wattle and Daub

A

What the walls of peasants houses were made of.

81
Q

Fallow

A

Fields left empty for a year or two to give the soil time to recover so that it would produce better crops when they are planted again.

82
Q

Holidays

A

Time off work.

83
Q

Shin-Kicking

A

A form of entertainment, where two people kick each others shins.

84
Q

Trencher

A

A meal where bread was used as a bowl to hold soup.

85
Q

Villein

A

A peasant.

86
Q

Tithe

A

A tax paid to the church, usually 10% of income.

87
Q

Oxen

A

A type of cow used for ploughing.

88
Q

Common Land

A

An area of land that was common/open to everyone and everyone could use it to graze their animals.

89
Q

Scythe/Sickle

A

A tool used in agriculture with a long curved blade.

GCSE History - Normans (26 decks)

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