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GCSE History - Normans > 3.20 Villages > Flashcards

3.20 Villages Flashcards

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1
Q

What percentage of people lived in the countryside?

A

90%

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2
Q

How many villages were there by 1086?

A

13,400

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3
Q

Did lives of peasants change a lot under the Norman Conquest?

A

Apart from now having a Norman lord, not particularly.

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4
Q

What are some key characteristics of villages/ peasants lives in villages? (5)

A
  • Peasants lived in cottages, grew crops on strips of land and grazed animals on common land.
  • Ploughs used for farming were made by metal + pulled by oxen.
  • Villages organised around common areas of land.
  • Houses built along roads and were clustered together.
  • Clear division between land for housing, farm land, pasture for animals, and woodland located near village.
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5
Q

Why was land farmed in strips?

A

Because it was easier for the oxen to pull the plough in a straight line.

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6
Q

What were the main crops farmed? (7)

A
  • Wheat
  • Oats
  • Barley
  • Rye
  • Grain
  • Vegetables
  • Herbs
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7
Q

What was the most important building in the village?

A

The church made of stone in centre of village.

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8
Q

What were the key characteristics/ elements of importance of the church in villages? (2)

A
  • Had a bell that rung to tell villagers when to start and finish work.
  • Peasants spent most free time in Church => services on Sundays, feast days and holy days.
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9
Q

Why did holy days become known as holidays?

A

Because people didn’t work on them.

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10
Q

Why did the Church building have to be sturdy?

A

As it was used to store goods, to serve as a prison, and act as a fortress in times of danger.

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11
Q

How was the farmland around and within a village divided?

A

Divided into fields and surrounded by hedges.

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12
Q

What were the 2 uses of fields?

A

For grazing cattle or for growing crops.

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13
Q

How were fields for growing crops divided?

A

Divided into individual strips of land, but strips weren’t separated => open field system.

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14
Q

How was land divided up amongst the people in the village? (2)

A
  • 25-30% for Lord.
  • Rest for peasants, who were responsible for farming a number of strips and paid the lord rent in form of money or share of crops.
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15
Q

What does it mean if a field was left to fallow?

A

The field was left empty for a year or two, giving soil time to recover so it would produce better crops when it was planted again.

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16
Q

What is an example of a village in Norman England?

A

Wharram percy => no longer exists.

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17
Q

What are some key facts about Wharram Percy? (7)

A
  • Lay 29km north-east of York.
  • Had south manor with meeting room.
  • Had the Church of St Martin and living quarters of the priest.
  • Had a mill and mill pond => used as drinking water for animals.
  • Parallel plots of houses built on raised areas of land => around 40 houses.
  • Agricultural outbuildings to store crops.
  • North manor house was larger than south and had large barn next to it.
18
Q

What happened to lots of freemen at this time?

A

They became villeins => lost their freedom, became tied to the land.

19
Q

What was a reeve?

A

Senior official who worked on behalf of crown in local areas, e.g. as a chief magistrate. After conquest, reeve’s job was reduced to day-to-day management of a manor and its peasants. The reeve was a peasant chose by lord or through vote by other peasants.

20
Q

What was a bailiff?

A

In charge of collecting taxes for the crown and ensuring that crops were gathered + debts repaid.

21
Q

What was a priest?

A

Ran local church, responsible for ensuring marriages and wills were legal.

22
Q

What was a miller?

A

Produced grain to make bread for the area. Bread had to be baked in the ovens of the lord of the manor and the lord decided how much money the miller paid for this.

23
Q

What was a brewer?

A

Made beer from crops but could not sell it until their lords decided on a price.

24
Q

What work did peasants do?

A
  • Nearly all farmers.
  • Worked long hours in field with almost everything being done by hand no machines except plough.
  • Usually agreed which crops to grow in each fields.
  • Some woods reserved for collecting firewood.
25
Q

Why were some crops destroyed? (3)

A
  • Disease.
  • Bad weather.
  • Winter => different seasons.
26
Q

What jobs did peasants have other than farmers? (4)

A
  • Blacksmith
  • Miller
  • Carpenter
  • Weavers
27
Q

What were the key things done by the farmer peasants? (6)

A
  • Ploughed the land
  • Sowed/planted crops
  • Carried out reaping
  • Haymaking
  • Binding and thatching
  • Threshing
28
Q

When did peasants have time off work?

A
  • Worked 6 days a week.
  • Only time off being during a Holy Day or Sundays
29
Q

What happened during a Holy Day? (3)

A
  • Started with church service, followed by entertainment.
  • Men took part in wrestling, shin-kicking, or cock-fighting.
  • Sometimes village would be visited by travelling musician or someone with bear to entertain crowds.
30
Q

What were peasant’s houses/homes like? (7)

A
  • Dark, damp and smoky.
  • Floors made of earth covered with straw.
  • Small windows => keep heat it, prevent break-ins.
  • Single room.
  • Thatched roofs => easily destroyed by the fire.
  • Fire in middle of room, smoke escaped through hole in roof.
  • Animals brought into house at night.
31
Q

What were manors?

A

Specific areas within villages that included the manor house, barns, churches, villagers’ houses, grazing land and mills. Many roads running through them.

32
Q

What where the Rich’s manors like?

A
  • Made from stone.
  • Warmer.
  • More secure.
33
Q

What was the collective term for all land owned by a lord?

A

Demesne

34
Q

What was the diet of peasants like? (6)

A
  • Bread, oat porridge, and vegetable stew = staples.
  • Meat = special treat and usually smoked as salt, expensive.
  • Some ate fish.
  • Pottage
  • Brewed own weak beer + drank mill => water not safe.
  • Fruit and honey => only sweet things.
35
Q

What was the diet of the rich like? (5)

A
  • White bread => made from wheat.
  • Meat.
  • Fish on lent and Fridays.
  • Veg and dairy seen as for poor.
  • Fruit in pies or honey.
36
Q

How much work did freemen do for lords?

A

Bornwork => when required. Ploughing, bringing in Lord’s harvest isntead of own.

37
Q

How much work did villeins do for lords?

A
  • At least 1 day a week, every week, working for lord.
  • During harvest time => 5 days a week.
38
Q

What did all peasants pay? (2)

A
  • Taxes to Lord.
  • Tithes.
39
Q

What were tithes?

A
  • Tax for church.
  • 10% of income (money or seed/ equipment)
  • Stored in tithe barns
40
Q

Did peasants work on Church land?

A

Yes, for free.

41
Q

What did peasants do with their money after all taxes were paid? (3)

A
  • Could keep what was left after all taxes paid.
  • Had to pay for seeds for next season.
  • Sometimes didn’t have enough money left to do this.

GCSE History - Normans (26 decks)

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