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Introduction to linguistics > Glossary > Flashcards

Glossary Flashcards

1
Q

Acronym

A

a word made up out of the initial letters of a descriptive phrase or a proper name

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2
Q

Adverbial

A

words, phrases or clauses that functions as adverbs

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3
Q

Alliteration

A

the repetition of the same sound at the beginning of two or more words (used in tongue-twisters, nicknames, collocations)

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4
Q

Analogy

A

a change that affects a language when regular forms begin to influence less regular forms

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5
Q

Analytic

A

descriptive characterization of a type of language, words are invariable (English is mostly analytic, Czech is synthetic)

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6
Q

Anaphora

A

a linguistic unit referring back to something already expressed

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7
Q

Apposition

A

a noun or a noun phrase placed next to another noun with the same meaning and the same grammatical status

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8
Q

Arbitrariness

A

the absence of similarity between the form of a linguistic sign and what it relates to in reality

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9
Q

Archaism

A

and old word or phrase no longer in general spoken or written use

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10
Q

Articulation

A

the physiological movement involved in modifying a flow of air to produce speech sounds

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11
Q

Assimilation

A

the influence exercised by one sound upon the articulation of another sound in the same or the next word so that the sound become more alike

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12
Q

Baby talk

A

a simplified speech style used by adults in talking to very young children

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13
Q

Back-formation

A

a process of word formation where a new word is formed by removing an imagined affix form another word (to televise from televison)

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14
Q

Bilingual

A

a person witch a command of two languages

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15
Q

Blend

A

the result of two elements fusing to form a new word or construction (smog from smoke and fog)

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16
Q

Body language

A

communication using body movement, position and appearance (nonverbal communication)

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17
Q

Borrowing

A

taking a word or phrase from one language into another

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18
Q

Clipping

A

word formation in which a new word is produced by shortening (advertisment –> ad)

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19
Q

Closed class

A

includes only a limited number of elements, the items are only exceptionally extended by the creation of additional member (determiners, pronouns, modal verbs)

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20
Q

Coherence

A

the functional or logical connectedness of a text

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21
Q

Cohesion

A

the formal linking between the elements of a text (The man left. He left.)

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22
Q

Collocation

A

the co-ocurrence of words in a text (smoker collcates with heavy)

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23
Q

Comparative linguistic

A

the study of the historical relationship between languages (comparative philology)

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24
Q

Connotation

A

the personal or emotional associations aroused by words (pure as a lily)

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25
Q

Context

A

the non-linguistic situation in which language is used

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26
Q

Conversion

A

a type of word formation in which an item changes its word class without the addition of an affix (noun cook to verb cook, also know as functional shift or zero derivation)

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27
Q

Cyrillic

A

alphabet used for Russian and other Slavic languages

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28
Q

Derivation

A

a major process of word formation i which affixes are added to simple words to produce new words (act –> action)

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29
Q

Diachrony

A

the study of language from the historical point of view

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30
Q

Dialect

A

a language variety in which use of grammar and vocabulary identifies the regional or social background

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31
Q

Discourse

A

a continuous stretch of language longer than a sentence

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32
Q

Elision

A

the omission of sounds in connected speech (bacon’n’eggs)

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33
Q

Ellipsis

A

the omission of part of a sentence (A nice day, isn’t it)

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34
Q

Emoticon

A

a symbol formed from punctuation symbols

35
Q

Etymology

A

the study of the origins and history of the form and meaning of words

36
Q

Folk etymology

A

guessing and altering an unfamiliar word to make it more familiar (asparagus –>sparrow grass)

37
Q

Fronting

A

articulation of a sound further forward in the mouth OR moving a constituent to the front (Smith his name was)

38
Q

Germanic

A

branch of indo-european –> Danish, German, Norwegian, Swedish

39
Q

Homonym

A

words with the same form but different meanings

40
Q

Icon

A

a sign that physically resembles the entity to which it refers

41
Q

Idiom

A

a sequence of words that is a unit of meaning (fixed or frozen expression)

42
Q

Inflection

A

an affix that signals a grammatical relationship (girl’s, walked)

43
Q

Intrusion

A

the use of sounds in connected speech that do not appear when the words or syllables are heard in isolation

44
Q

Jargon

A

the technical language of a special field

45
Q

Language acquistion

A

the process of learning a first language in children

46
Q

lexicography

A

the art and science of dictionary-making

47
Q

Lingua franca

A

a medium of communication for people who speak different first languages

48
Q

Linking

A

a sound introduced between two syllables or words (linking r)

49
Q

Malapropism

A

an inappropriate word used because of its similiarity in sound to the intended word

50
Q

Marked

A

a marked unit has a feature (play is unmarked and played is marked)

51
Q

Metaphor

A

a figurative expression in which one notion is described in terms usually associated with another

52
Q

Metonymy

A

the use of the name of one object or concept for that of another to which it is related or of which it is a part (the Crown for monarchy)

53
Q

Neologism

A

the creation of a new word out of existing elements

54
Q

Onomatopoeia

A

words that imitate the sounds of the world (moo, cockoo)

55
Q

Open class

A

a class of words in which new items are constantly being created (nouns, full verbs, adjectives)

56
Q

Operator

A

the first auxiliary ver in the verb phrase (it is the form that operates as the question-forming word)

57
Q

Phonetics

A

the science of speech sound

58
Q

phonology

A

the study of the sound systems of languages

59
Q

Pleonasm

A

the use of more words than are necessary to say something

60
Q

Polysemy

A

multiple meaning

61
Q

Prefix

A

an affix added initially to a root (un happy)

62
Q

Productivity

A

the potential to a linguistic rule to produce many instances of the same type

63
Q

Prosody

A

the linguistic use of pitch, loudness, tempo and rhythm

64
Q

Purism

A

the view that a language needs to preserve traditional standards of correctness and be protected from foreign influence

65
Q

Reference

A

the relationship between linguistic forms and entities in the world

66
Q

Root

A

the base form of a word

67
Q

schwa

A

an unstressed vowel

68
Q

Simile

A

a phrase that describes something by comparing it to something else using a word like or as

69
Q

Sociolinguistics

A

the study of the relationship between language and society

70
Q

Spelling

A

the rules that govern the way letters are used to write the words of speech

71
Q

Spoonerism

A

a slip of the tongue which involves the exchange of initial sounds

72
Q

Stem

A

the element in a word to which affixes are attached

73
Q

Stress

A

the degree of force with which a syllable is uttered

74
Q

Structuralism

A

an approach that analyses language into a set of structures

75
Q

Subjunctive

A

the mood which traditionally expressed doubt, or a wish or a hypothetical statement

76
Q

Suffix

A

an affix added at the end of a word to form a derivative

77
Q

Symbol

A

a type of sign which is based on learned conventional relationship between the form of the sign and the object

78
Q

Synchronic

A

said of an approach that studies language at a theoretical point in time

79
Q

Synonym

A

a word that shares the same denotation with another word

80
Q

Synthetic

A

a type of language which express its grammatical relations thourgh inflections rather than trough word order

81
Q

Tautology

A

an unnecessary repetition of a word or idea

82
Q

Unproductive

A

linguistic feature that is no longer used in the creation of new forms

83
Q

Voice

A

a grammatical system varying the relationship between subject and object of the verb (active and passive)

84
Q

Word

A

the smallest unit of grammar that can stand alone

Introduction to linguistics (11 decks)

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