Glomerulonephritis aetiologies n that Flashcards

1
Q

Define nephritic syndrome?

A

Nephritisis a very generic term that means inflammation of the kidneys.

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2
Q

What are the set criteria for nephritic syndrome?

A

There are no set criteria (unlike nephrotic syndrome)

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3
Q

What are the symptoms of nephritic syndrome?

A

1 - Haematuria (micro- or macroscopic)
2 - Proteinuria (progressive)
3 - Oliguria (significant reduction in urine production)
4 - Fluid retention

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4
Q

What are the criteria for nephrotic syndrome?

A

1 - Peripheral oedema
2 - Proteinuria (>3g/day)
3 - Hypoalbuminaemia
4 - Hypercholesterolaemia/lipidaemia

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5
Q

What is glomerulonephritis?

A

Glomerulonephritisis an umbrella term applied to conditions that causeinflammation of or around the glomerulus.

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6
Q

What are the two key parts of treating most conditions characterised as glomerulonephritis?

A

1) . Immunosuppression (E.g Steroids)

2) . Blocking the RAAS system (ACE Inhibitors and ARBs)

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7
Q

How does nephrotic syndrome predispose people to thrombosis, DVT and PE?

A

Loss of AT-III (anti-thrombin III)

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8
Q

What is the most common cause of nephrotic syndrome in children?

A

Minimal change disease

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9
Q

What is the most common cause of nephrotic syndrome in adults?

A

Focal segment glomerulosclerosis

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10
Q

Treatment for minimal change disease?

A

Steroids - Prednisolone

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11
Q

Aetiology of minimal change disease?

A

Most are primary/idiopathic

Some are secondary:

  • Drugs (NSAIDs, Lithium)
  • Paraneoplastic (Haematological malignancy, usually Hodgkin’s Lymphoma)
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12
Q

Aetiology of focal segment glomerulosclerosis?

A
Primary/idiopathic
      or
Secondary:
 - HIV
 - Heroin
 - lithium
 - Lymphoma
 - Any cause of reduced kidney mass
 - Kidney scarring due to another GN
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13
Q

Synonym for IgA GLomerulonephritis?

A

Berger’s Disease

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14
Q

Histological findings of IgA GN?

A

Histology shows “IgA deposits and glomerular mesangial proliferation”

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15
Q

Most common cause of glomerular pathology and chronic kidney disease in the UK?

A

Diabetic nephropathy

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16
Q

What is the the most common type of glomerulonephritis?

A

Membranous glomerulonephritis

17
Q

Explain the histological findings of membranous glomerulonephritis?

A

Histology shows “IgG and complement deposits on the basement membrane”

18
Q

Aetiology of membranous glomerulonephritis?

A
Primary/Idiopathic ~ 70%
Secondary:
 - Malignancies
 - Infection (Hep. B/C, Malaria, Strep)
 - Rheumatoids disease
 - Drugs (NSAIDs)
19
Q

Common sights of malignancies in malignant aetiology Secondary Membranous Glomerulonephritis? (5)

A
  • Lung
  • Breast
  • GI
  • Prostate
  • Haemitological malignancies
20
Q

What is post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis also called?

A

Diffuse proliferative glomerulonephritis

21
Q

What is post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis?

A

Occurring 1 - 3 weeks after a streptococcal infection (throat or impetigo)

Develop nephritic syndrome

Usually a full recovery

22
Q

Synonym for “Goodpasture” syndrome?

A

Anti-GBM antibodies - (GBM = Glomerular basement membrane

23
Q

What is Goodpasture syndrome

A

Rare, auto-antibodies developed into Type IV collagen - this is found only within the glomerular and alveolar basement membrane

24
Q

A typical presentation of Goodpasture disease?

A

1 - Haemturia (Nephritic syndrome)

2 - Haemoptysis

25
Q

Histological findings in Rapidly Progressive GN (RPGN)?

A

Crescentic glomerulonephritis

26
Q

How does RPGN present?

A

• It presents with a very acute illness with sick patients but it responds well to treatment

27
Q

3 most common aetiologies of RPGN?

A

1 - Goodpasture syndrome (most common)
2 - Granulomatous with polyangiitis (Wegener’s Disease)
3 - Systemic lupus erythematosus

28
Q

What are “Kimelsteil-Wilson” lesions?

A

Nodule of mesangial matrix found in diabetic nephropathy