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Kidney function and failure > Glomerular structure and function > Flashcards

Glomerular structure and function Flashcards

1
Q

Basic functions of the urinary system:

A
  • Maintain water balance
  • Maintain salt balance
  • Maintain pH
  • Excrete metabolic waste
  • Blood glucose regulation
  • Endocrine
  • Vitamin D
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2
Q

2 hormones produced by the kidneys:

A
  1. Renin

2. EPO

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3
Q

Urethras cross what on the way to the bladder?

A

Bifurcation of the common illiac vessels

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4
Q

Order of arteries in kidney:

A

Renal –> Segmental –> interlobar –> arcuate –> cortical radiate

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5
Q

What kind of capilary beds are found in the nephron?

A

Double capillary beds

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6
Q

Capilaries that follow the renal tubule:

A

Peritubular capillaries OR vasa recta

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7
Q

What % of nephrons are cortical?

A

80%

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8
Q

What % of nephrons are juxtamedullary?

A

15%

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9
Q

Vasa recta are found in what type of nephron?

A

Juxtamedullar

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10
Q

Special features of renal corpuscle for filtration:

A
  1. Fenetrated endothelium
  2. Basement membrane
  3. Podocytes, foot processes, filtration slits
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11
Q

Charge of basement membrane:

A

Negative

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12
Q

Ultrafiltration =

A

Passive process in which hydrostatic pressure forces fluids and solutes through a membrane

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13
Q

Glomerular filtrate contains:

A 
Amino acids
Glucose
Ions
Water
Urea
Creatinine etc.
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14
Q

JGA =

A

Juxtaglomerular appartus

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15
Q

Cells of the JGA =

A

Juxtaglomerular cells
Macula densa cells
Mesangial cells

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16
Q

Where are juxtaglomerular cells?

A

Afferent arteriole

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17
Q

Where are macular densa cells?

A

DCT

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18
Q

Function of mesangial cells =

A

Communicate between MD and JG cells

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19
Q

Type of autoregulation/intrinsic regulation of GFR =

A

Tubulo-glomerular feedback

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20
Q

Function of MD cells =

A

Respond to [NaCl] and release or inhibit vasoconstrictors.
High NaCl = vasoconstrict
Low NaCl = dilate

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21
Q

Ex vasoconstrictor released by MD

A

ATP

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22
Q

What kind of receptor is a MD cell?

A

Chemoreceptor

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23
Q

RAAS =

A

Renin- angiotensin - aldosterone system

24
Q

Renin is made in the

25
Q

Function of renin

A

Converts angiotensinogen into angiotensin I

26
Q

Angiotensinogen is formed…

A

In the liver

27
Q

Function of ACE

A

Convert angiotensin I to angiotensin II

28
Q

ACE is made in the …

29
Q

Function of angiotensin II =

A
  • Hypothalamus: Increase thirst and ADH
  • Increase Na+ and H2O resorbtion
  • Increase K+ excretion
  • Vasoconstriction
  • Formation of aldosterone
30
Q

Aldosterone is produces in the

A

Adrenal glands

31
Q

What kind of molecule is aldosterone?

A

Mineralcorticoid

32
Q

Function of aldosterone:

A

Upregulate the Na+-K+ exchanger. Increased Na+ and H20 retention. Increased K+ excretion.

33
Q

What is common in patients activating RAAS?

A

Hypokalaemia

34
Q

RC =

A

Renal clearance. Volume of plasma that is cleared of a substance in 1 min (ml/min)

35
Q

Quick and dirty measure of GFR =

A

Creatinine

36
Q

More accurate measure of GFR =

A

Renal clearance ratio

37
Q

GFR =

A

amount of fluid filtered into the Bowman’s space per unit time.

38
Q

Equation for RC =

A

c = ([u]x x V) / [p] x

Conc of substance x in urine times flow rate. divided by Conc of x in plasma

39
Q

Renal clearance ratio equation =

A

Cx / Cinulin

40
Q

Inulin =

A

Freely filtered not secreted or reabsorbed

41
Q

RCR = 1

A

Clearance same as inulin. Neither reabsorbed or secreted.

42
Q

Ex of substance with RCR =1

A

Creatinine

43
Q

RCR < 1

A

Substance isn’t freely filtered OR is reabsorbed

44
Q

Ex of substance with RCR < 1

A

Isn’t freely filtered = albumin

Reabsorbed = glucose

45
Q

RCR > 1

A

Substance is secreted

46
Q

Ex of substance with RCR > 1

A

Drug metabolites

47
Q

Common causes of acute renal injury can be broken into …

A
  1. Pre-renal
  2. Renal
  3. Post-renal
48
Q

Pre-renal causes of AKI

A

Hypovolemia, low DP, heart failurw, vasoactive mediators/drugs

49
Q

Renal causes of AKI

A
  1. Acute tubular necrosis (ischemia)
  2. Glomerularnephritis
  3. Interstitial nephritis
50
Q

Post-renal causes of AKI

A

Uretal/bladder obstruction, kidney/bladder stones

51
Q

Common causes of CRF:

A

Hypertension
T2 diabetes
Glomerular diseases

52
Q

How many stages of chronic kidney diseases are there?

53
Q

stages of CKD:

A
  1. Normal GFR, kidney damage
  2. Mild reduced GFR
  3. Moderate reduced GFR
  4. Severe reduced GFR
  5. End-stage renal disease
54
Q

Renal function of end-stage renal disease:

A

< 15 ml/min (or dialysis)

55
Q

Clinical manifestations of chronic renal failure:

A
  1. Accumulation of nitrogenous wastes
  2. Altered water, electrolyte and acid-base balance
  3. Mineral and skeletal disorders
  4. Anemia and coagulation disorders
  5. Hypertension and alterations in CV function
  6. Gi disorders
  7. Neuro complications
  8. Immunological disorders

Kidney function and failure (9 decks)

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