GLOBALISATION PAPER 2 Flashcards
what is globalisation?
globalisation is increasing the interconectivity between countries
how has globalisation impacted the world?
it has impacted the worlds economic, social, cultural and political systems
economic systems:
TNCs have provided income for less developed countries and inceased the profit for more developed countries
increased the amount of trade around the world
cutural systems:
food, clothing, music have been shared
the idea of westernisation( north america and europe ideologies are being shifted and adoptedby other people )
political systems:
spreading ideologies ( beliefs and ideas)
more powerful countries are able to exploit less developed counties under thier own rules.
environemntal:
pollution and global warming are starting to have impacts on society e.g flooding, illnesses( lung probelms), droughts
what happens to the global connections as a result of globalisation?
widening of connections:
further places are connected to countries
deepening conections:
numer and type of connections increase and volume of flows grow
how does globalisation increase interdependence?
the success on one place depends on another
for example: if one country starts having economic issues, it will affect another country such as not being able to order as much stock reducing that countries income- COUNTRIES BECOME INTERDEPENDENT
What are flows of globalisation?
flows are goods and services
commodieteis( valuables/ goods) are imported and exported
capital
movement of money between buisnesses, governments, banks and employyes
people
increased migration ( rural to urban migration)
information
internet transfers data, keeps people conncected from all over the world
What causes globalisation
technology: efficient manufacturing, sending data,
transport :aircraft, cars, trains, containerships, railways
TNCs: less developed countries are being connected to more developed countries to manufacture for cheaper and to profit more
trade: removing tarriffs, quotas and subsidies connects countries together as it increases the amount of trade, increasing the capital
CASE STUDIES OF GLOBALISATION
TRANSPORT
EASY JET:
flights are cheap and affordable due to no add ons e.g food, luggage
more migration and flow of people
widens connections ( further places are now more accessible)
mainly flights around europe
FOOD:
ASIA
asian foods are very popular in western countries ( sushi mainia, chinese take away, curry)
a lot of these foods are high in meat ( increasing the demand for cow–> methane, global warming )
CULTURE:
INDONESIA
less indigeneous people due to westernisation as a result of a cut down in forests for paper, resources
indigenous people are also learning of the western culture and move towards more urban areas for a better quality of life
SWITCHED OFF COUNTIRS
NORTH KOREA AND SAHEL
countires which dont connect to other countirs
north korea is switched off due to corrupt government keeping culture
sahel is undeveloped, landlocked
WINNERS AND LOOSERS OF GLOBALISATION
MUMBAI AND KIRACHI
both are a megacity, of 20 mil plus
slums
mumbia= primary and informal
kirachi= secondary/ tertiary
SUSATIANABLILTY
TODMORDERN
sustainable by trying to keep everything local and less reliable for global trade
bakeries, own produces of veg and meat
less poloution from transport, stronger communities, employment opportunities, reliable delivery –> near by)
what was the development of transport in the 19th an 20th century?
19th century:
railways
trains
steam ships
20thcentury
container ships
aircraft
the more varations of transport, the better as it increases the rate of trade
as a reult the development of this transport leads to a shrinking world as places are more accessible
what was the developmentt of technology
broadband and fibre optics
help transfer data
internet :
acessible data
keeps people connected e.g skype
what are international organisations contributed to to globalisation?
promotion of free trade and FDI
WORLD TRADE BANK
lending money to developing countrues to fund economic development and reduce poverty as a result of countries adopting liberalisation policies ( governemnt are less strict) and open up FDI by gettimg the governemnt to get rid of certain policies
INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND
maintains a stable international financial system, promoting free trade and globalisation
WORLD TRADE ORGANISATION
An international organisation that works to reduce work barriers and create free trade
how can national governements accelerate globalisation
1) joining or promoting free trade
a free trade block is an agreement betweena group of countries to remove all barriers to trade e.g tariffs and quotas
trade blocks examples
EU ( EUROPEAN UNION)
trade block of people in europe that have free movement of goods, people and capital
ASEAN ( ASSOCIATION OF SOUTH EAST ASIAN NATIONS)
low tariff
nucelar weapon free
2) free market liberalisation
promotes free markerts and reduces government intervention ( tax)
increases competioion
3) privitisation:
governments sell industries they once owned to the public
e.g private schools are under their own rules not governemnt
4) enterprise zones
buinesses dont need to pay tax so they can profit and spend on building the buisness
FDI and subsidies
FDI
mainly due to TNCS
negatives: exploiting workers, cheap labour, polloution, not much profit
positives: employment, introduction to technology, reliable wages
subsidies:
payments by the government to keep certain activities low
how do we measure globalisation
indicator- amount of somthing
KOF index of globalisation:
combine 24 indicators across 3 categories of :
- economic globalisation - social globalisation -political globalisation
AT KEARNEY
uses 12 indicators across 3 categories
- economic intergration ( combination)
- technological connectivity ( number of internet users)
political engagemnt ( international organisations)
personal contact- tourism, travel
between 0( lowest) and 1 ( highest)
measures how economically sucessful cities are
what are the roles of TNCS ?
firm that operates and manufactures in a different country but sells prodcut in developed country
maximises profit
offshoring:
moving part of companys own production to another country e.g dyson moves to malaysia, lower wages
outsourcing :
obtaining prodcuts from a cheaper location
new market:
glocalisation:
process of adapting brands and products to suit the loacal market
mcdonalds in vegeterian in india because most people are vegetarian
chocloate in china is sweeter due to chinese people have a sweeter tooth
what are switched on and off countries?
switched on countries are countries which are more globalised
switched off countries aren’t globalised or developed
switched off countries
- Sahel- in Africa, landlocked, arid farmland (little rain) little technology and trade
- North Korea- corrupt government
reasons for switched off countries?
- physical ( landlocked, coastal, resources- metals, minerals)
- economy- being too poor to develop
- environment- farming conditions, natural hazards
- political - corrupt government
