globalisation, green crime and state crime Flashcards

Question

green crime Ao3 strength

Answer 1

it recognises the growing importance of environmental issues and the need to address harms

Answer 2

it's hard to define the boundaries of the field because it has a broad concept of harms

Answer 3

illegal or deviant activities perpetrated by state agencies

Answer 4

1. the scale states power gives it the potential to inflict harm on a huge scale Kramer - 'great power and great crimes are inseparable' 2. the state is the source of law its power means it can conceal crimes by avoiding defining its own actions as criminal the principle of national sovereignty - that states are the supreme authority within their own borders makes it difficult for external forces to intervene

Answer 5

1. political 2. crimes by security and police forces 3. economic 4. social and cultural

Answer 6

it became a Belgian colony - the Belgians used the Tutsi to mediate their rule over the Hutu Hutus and Tutsis spoke the same language = and weren't separate. - But the Belgians ethnicized the two groups and gave them racial identity cards = EXAMPLE OF SOCIAL CRIME Rwanda gained independence, and Hutus came to power. an economic and political crisis led to civil war, and the Hutus clung to power and filled race hate against Tutsis EXAMPLE OF POLITICAL CRIME the shooting of the Hutu president's plane triggered the genocide, and thousands of Tutsis were killed 1/3 of the Hutu population took part in the genocide - EXAMPLE OF CRIME BY SECURITY AND ECONOMIC (violation of health and safety)

Answer 7

acts defined by the law as criminal and committed by state officials in pursuit of their jobs

Answer 8

using a state's own domestic law to define crime is inadequate it ignores the fact that the state have the power to make laws to they can avoid criminalisation they can make laws allowing them to carry out criminal acts

Answer 9

recognises much of the harm done by the state is not against the law defines state crime as including legally permissible acts whose consequences are similar to those of illegal acts we should replace the study of crimes with semiology - study of harms this prevents states from ruling themsleves as out of court by making laws that allow them to misbehave = creates a single standard

Answer 10

its potentially vague what level of harm must occur before an act is defined as criminal? who decides what counts as harm?

Answer 11

whether an act is a crime depends on whether the social audiences defines it as a crime recognises state crime is socially constructed = what people see as state crime varies over time and between cultures

Answer 12

unclear who is supposed to be the relevant audience that decides whether a state crime haas been committed ignors the audience's definitions may be manipulated by ruling-class ideology

Answer 13

action by or on behalf of a sttae that violates international law - law created through treaties and agreements between states e.g geneva conventions on war crimes

Answer 14

it doesn't depend on the sociologist or audience's definition of crime it uses globally agreed definitions focuses largely on war crimes rather than on corruption

Answer 15

human rights include: natural rights : right to life civil rights : right to vote definition: violation of people's basic human rights by the state advantage: all states care about their human rights image because they're now global social norms = susceptible to shaming = leverage to make them respect human rights disagreements: what counts as a human right ?- most include life and liberty and some wouldn't include freedom from hunger - but liberty isn't of much use if you're too malnourished to exercise it

Answer 16

adorno = a willingness to obey the orders of superiors without question WW2 - germans had an AP due to the disciplinarian socialisation patterns common during that time

Answer 17

state crimes are crimes of conformity as they require obedience to a higher authority many people are willing to obey authority even if it involves harming others - part of a role in which people are socialised to overcome norms against the use of cruelty individuals who are torturers need to be re-socialised and exposed to propaganda about the enemy. states create enclaves of barbarism where torture is practised outside of society during a 9-5 so they can return to normal life after study of My Lai Massacre - identify 3 featurs that produce crimes of obedience 1. authorisation = acts are ordered by authority 2. routinisation = Once a crime is committed there is pressure to turn it into routine 3. dehumanisation = enemy is portrayed as sub-human so principles of morality don't apply

Answer 18

some argue it was the breakdown of modern civilisation that led to the holocausts being possible Bauman - it was features of modern society that made it possible 1. division of labour - each person was responsible for one small task - so no one felt fully responsible 2. science and technology - trains transporting them to camps and production of gas to kill

Answer 19

nazi ideology stressed a single monolithic German racial identity that excluded minorities (Jews) = they didn't need to be treated according to normal standards of morality

Answer 20

cohen states now have to make a greater effort to conceal or justify their human rights crimes 3 stage spiral of state denial 1. 'it didn't happen' - e.g state claims there was no massacre 2. 'if it did happen, it is something else' e.g state says it was self-defence not murder 3. 'even if it is what you say it is justified' e.g to fight the war on terror

Answer 21

cohen applies the 5 neutralisation techniques delinquents use to justify their deviant behaviour to how the state justifies human rights violations denial of injury: 'we are the real victims not them' denial of responsibility: i was only obeying orders they dont deny the event but seek to impose a different construction of it