Globalisation EQ3 - Consequences of globalisation for environment and development, players Flashcards
What is development?
Development generally means the ways in which a country seeks to progress economically and to improve the quality of life for its inhabitants
What does a measure need to be valid and reliable?
Valid - broad agreement that it had relevance
Reliable - must use trustworthy data
What is the informal sector?
Unofficial forms of employment that are not easily made subject to government regulation or taxation
What is the Gini Coefficient?
A measure of the distribution of income across a population - higher Gini index indicates greater inequality as high income individuals receive a greater proportion of the population’s total income
What are the economic measures of globalisation?
- income per capita
- economic sector balance
What is income per capita, and what is GDP?
Income per capita is the mean average income of a group of people
GDP is a widely used aggregate measure and is the final value of the output of goods and services inside a nation’s borders
What is a country’s economic sector balance?
A country or region’s economy can be crudely divided into 4 economic sectors whose relative importance changes as a country develops (Clarke Fisher model)
What are the social measures of globalisation?
- HDI
- Gender Inequality Index
What is the HDI?
The Human Development Index is a composite measure that ranks countries according to economic criteria and social criteria.
3 main indicators = life expectancy, income, education
What is the Gender Inequality Index?
A composite index devised by UNDP, measures gender inequalities related to 3 aspects of social and economic development
3 aspects = reproductive health, empowerment, labour force participation rate
What indicator is often used to display environmental quality?
Air pollution data (generally poor in developing and emerging economies)
What are the changing spatial patterns of global wealth?
- Average incomes have risen in all continents since 1950, but only very slowly in poorest parts of Africa
- Great gains made by European and NA nations results in widening of average income gap between world’s wealthy and poor countries
- Absolute poverty fallen worldwide
- Many countries have advanced from low-income to middle-income status since 70s
What are the major environmental issues linked with globalisation?
Climate change and biodiversity loss
40% of Earth’s terrestial surface transformed into productive agricultural land, leading to habitat loss and biodiversity decline
Negative impacts of large agribusiness operations - intensive cash-cropping, cattle ranching
Who are the social and economic winners and losers in Africa and why?
WINNERS - North Africa, where large income gains have been made in coastal hubs which are ‘growth engines’. Strong middle class growth is expected here
LOSERS - Sub-Saharan Africa due to geographical isolation and political extremism, poverty remains. This has led to falling life expectancy due to conflict and human rights abuses
What are the social, political and environmental tensions associated with the rapidity of change from globalisation?
- open borders, deregulation and encouragement of FDI has created culturally mixed societies/migrant diasporas. This results in social and political tensions.
- environmental damage due to exploitation of physical environment associated with globalisation
- tourism leading to clashes of culture
What does nationalist mean?
A political movement focused on national independence or the abandonment of policies that are viewed by some people as a threat to national sovereignty or national culture
What are post colonial migrants?
People who moved to European countries from former colonies during the 1950s, 60s and 70s
What are some of the tensions in London surrounding foreign investment and migration?
Leaders of largest TNCs argue that migration restrictions threaten their own competitiveness and the UK’s role as a global hub
However other Londoners believe too much in migration has been allowed to take place - uncomfortable with some aspects of globalisation and/or immigration
How do governments legislate against global flows?
- laws strengthened to limit numbers of economic migrants
- governments limit citizens’ freedom to access online information, censorship
- trade protectionism
What is resource nationalism?
A growing tendency for state governments to take measures ensuring that domestic industries and consumers have priority access to the national resources found within their borders
What is the First Nations in Canada, how are they threatened by globalisation?
6 groups of indigenous people whose lifestyle is based on subsistence fishing, hunting and trapping
Globalisation means global oil companies have begun extracting oil barrels in the area
Social impacts = alcohol and drugs on young people’s lifestyles
Environ impacts = death of trout and other fish in oil polluted lakes
First Nations are opposing attempts by global companies to exploit oil resources
What are natural resources?
A material source of wealth that occurs in a natural state and has economic value
What is a consumer society?
A society in which the buying and selling of goods and services is the most important social and economic activity
What is an ecological footprint?
A crude measurement of the area of land or water required to provide a person (or society) with the energy, food and resources needed to live, and to also absorb waste
