Globalisation and migration

Question 1

Define globalisation.

Answer 1

The idea that barriers between societies are dissappearing and societies and people are becoming increasingly interconnected.

Question 2

What are the three effects of globalisation on migration?

Answer 2

• Acceleration
• Differentiation
• Feminisation

Question 3

How has migration been ‘accelerated’?

Answer 3

Migration is happening at an unprecedented speed: in 2023, 1.2 million people immigrated to the UK, this was around 54,000 in the early 90’s. Around 281 million people immigrated globally in 2022.

Question 4

How has globalisation caused ‘differentiation’ in migrants?

Answer 4

Pre-globalisation, the types and orgins of migrants was quite narrow: legal economic migrants from commonwealth countries. Globalisation increased the proportion of migrants coming to the UK for non-economic reasons, like education or rights, and from where, such as EU member nations.

Question 5

In 2013, how many UK-born and China-born postgraduate students were there?

Answer 5

UK: 23%
China: 26%

Question 6

Vertovec (2007) and ‘super-diversity’:

Answer 6

Globalisation has led to an increase in the types of migrants: legality, orgin, cultures. He calls this ‘super-diversity’.

Question 7

Cohen (2006) and the three types of immigrant:

Answer 7

• Citizens: those with full citizenship rights, more difficult since the 1970’s
• Denizens: priveliged foreign nationals welcomed by the state
• Helots: those that are deeply exploited in their migration, those legally tied to employers, the trafficked, illegal immigrants.

Question 8

What is the globalisation of the gender division of labour?

Answer 8

Female migrants are increasingly fitted into patriarchal stereotypes about the role of women in care and sexual gratification.

Question 9

Ehrenreich and Hochschild (2003) and the delegation of labour to female migrants:

Answer 9

Care, domestic, and sex work is increasingly being done by women from poorer countries, as a result of several trends:
- Expansion of the service industry calls for more female labour
- Western women are now less illing to perform domestic labour, having worked
- Western men remain unwilling
- State fails to provide adequate childcare

Question 10

Shutes (2011) and adult care nurses:

Answer 10

40% of adult care nurses are migrants, most being women.

Question 11

How has emotional labour been transferred to female migrants?

Answer 11

Migrant nannies provide care and affection for their employer’s children, at the expense of their children in their home country.

Question 12

Eade (1994) and hybrid identities:

Answer 12

Second generation immigrants rank aspects of their identity: Muslim first, the Bengali, then British. These people often face opposition from members of these groups as ‘not one of us’.

Question 13

Eriksen (2007) and transnational identities:

Answer 13

Globalisation has led to less people permenantly settling, moving around and forging identities that don’t belong to specific cultures, sustaining global ties through technology or seeing themselves as more connected to other migrants than their home country.

Question 14

Outline the first state policy approach to immigration.

Answer 14

Assimilation was the attempt to make immigrants ‘like us’ by adopting our language and values - it was widely panned as many imigrants wish to maintain their culture as a source of identity.

Question 15

Outline the second state policy approcah to immigration.

Answer 15

Multiculturalism understands that immigrants may wish to maintain their own culture and shift British society around it.

Question 16

What two types of multiculturalism did Erikson (2007) distinguish:

Answer 16

He argued that, although the state is fine with superficial change (shallow diversity), like making the national dish chicken tikka, it’s hesitant to make bigger changes (deep diversity), like accepting veiled women.

Question 17

What event deeply affected immigration policy in the West?

Answer 17

9/11 caused many nations to swin back to assimilationism, demanding they ‘fit in’ or become suspect of terrorist intent; for example, veiling is illegal in public in France.

Question 18

Castles (2000) and assimilationist policies:

Answer 18

Assimilationist policies are counterproductive: by making them ‘like us’, you other immigrants and often embolden their cultural differences. The state often responds with ‘enemy within’ policy that further subjugate minorities, defeating the whole point of the policy.

Question 19

Castles and Kosack (1973) and dividing the W/C:

Answer 19

Assimilationist policies encourage the W/C to see immigrants as responsible for social problems like uneployment, maintaining capitalism by implying that the system is not inherently destructive, rather its’ their fault.