Globalisation and Crime

Question 1

What are Marxist approaches to civil war?

Answer 1

Conflict between social classes in cities where conflict is physically circumscribed (Russion Revolution and Bolshevism)

Question 2

What is a sub-state war?

Answer 2

Between non-state actors within or across borders

Question 3

What is an inter-state war?

Answer 3

Between two sovereign states

Question 4

What is an intra-state war?

Answer 4

Between a state and one or more non-state groups within its boundaries

Question 5

What is an extra-state war?

Answer 5

Between a state and one or more non-state groups outside its boundaries

Question 6

How many armed conflicts were there in 2009 according to the UCDP?

Answer 6

36
29 were interstate
7 were internationalised

Question 7

What is the UN legal definition of organised crime?

Answer 7

A group of three or more people that have formed for a reason, have existed for a period of time, have the aim of committing at least one crime punishable by at leas four years incarceration and gain financial or material benefit

Question 8

How much does transnational organised crime make every year according to the UNODC?

Answer 8

$870 billion

Question 9

What are the key agencies for tackling organised crime?

Answer 9

UN (UNODC)
Interpol
Europol
NCA

Question 10

What does the UN focus on in terms of organised crime?

Answer 10

Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, especially Women and Children;
Protocol against the Smuggling of Migrants by Land, Sea and Air.
Protocol against the Illicit Manufacturing and Trafficking in Firearms

Question 11

What is the NCA?

Answer 11

The UK National Central Bureau for Interpol and acts as a focal point for incoming and outgoing interpol enquiries

Question 12

What is the 1st approach to organised crime?

Answer 12

Prosecute - Works for small-fry criminals but less successful in combating national and transnational organised crime

Question 13

What is the 2nd approach to organised crime?

Answer 13

Disruption - ‘use biros rather than batons’ i.e. the Al Capone approach (convicted of tax evasion)

Question 14

What are the UNODC solutions to organised drug crime?

Answer 14

International co-operation
Education and awareness
Intelligence gathering
Assist developing countries

Question 15

What year was the slave trade and slavery outlawed?

Answer 15

Slave trade - 1807

Slavery - 1833

Question 16

What is chattel slavery?

Answer 16

When someone is treated as property that can be bought, sold, traded and inherited

Question 17

What is modern slavery?

Answer 17

Forced labour and marriage

Question 18

What are the components of human trafficking?

Answer 18

Lack of consent
Ongoing exploitation
Internal and international
Source of profits

Question 19

What is the difference between trafficking and smuggling?

Answer 19

“‘Smuggling’ refers to consensual transactions where the smuggler and the migrant agree to circumvent immigration control for mutually advantageous reasons. The smuggling relationship technically ends with the crossing of the border. The two critical ingredients are illegal border crossing by the smuggled person and receipt of a material benefit by the smuggler.”

(Bhaba and Zard, 2006)

Question 20

What are the ILO forced labour protocols?

Answer 20

“All work or service that is exacted from any person under the menace of any penalty and for which the said person has not offered himself voluntarily” (1930)

Question 21

What are the three UN 2000 Palermo Trafficking protocols?

Answer 21

1. The Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, especially Women and Children;
2. The Protocol against the Smuggling of Migrants by Land, Sea and Air.
3. The Protocol against the Illicit Manufacturing and Trafficking in Firearms, Their Parts and Components and Ammunition