Globalisation Flashcards
Globalisation
- Globalization – increasing interconnectedness
* Causes – mass media, air travel and free market
Global criminal economy
worth 1 trillion p/a
• Spread of transnational crime – trafficking, sex tourism and international terrorism
• Supply and demand (e.g. poor countries may rely on crime)
Global risk consciousness
globalization has created new insecurities and caution e.g. immigration led to fears about border protection (leads to increased tackling of crime)
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Crimes of globalisation
Rothe and Friedrichs highlights the role of international groups in crime e.g. IMF (5 have 1/3 voting rights)
• Structural adjustment programs – cuts to welfare leads to conflict
Patterns of criminal organisation
how crime is organized is kinked to economic changes e.g. Glocal organization in which crime is international but has local roots
McMafia
organisations that emerged following the fall of communism
• Glenny – traces origins of transnational crime to this (state regulated prices meant anyone with money could buy and sell natural resources for high profit)
• Disorder meant the wealthy turned to mafia to protect them
Green crime
crime against environment
• Global risk society and environment – threats to humanity are now man – made
• Beck – in late modern society, there are adequate resources
• Productivity led to ‘manufactured risks’ e.g. risks and harms to environment
• Example – as a result of global warming, there was a heatwave which burned Russia’s grain belt (there was an export ban which drove up the price of grain)
caused price of bread in Mozambique to go up by 30%, causing rioting and looting
Types of green crime
primary (air pollution, deforestation, species and animal abuse - animal parts trafficking, water pollution - 25 million die p/a from contamination) and secondary (state violence against opposition, organized crime - illegal dumping and environmental discrimination)
Views to harm
two views on harm – anthropocentric or ecocentric
Evaluation of green crime
hard to define boundaries, what counts as harm
State crime
high scale and state is a source of law
Types of state crime - McLaughlin
political crimes (corruption and censorship), economic crimes, social and cultural crimes and crimes by security forces (genocide and torture)
Types of state - corporate crime
Kramer and Michalowski outlines state – initiated and state – facilitated
• Initiated – challenger space shuttle was ‘risky, negligent and cost – cutting’
• Facilitated – Deepwater Horizon in the gulf of Mexico when oil rig exploded
• War crimes – illegal wars (international law says that war can only be declared by UN)
• War on Terror justified by lies about destructive weapons
• Crimes during war e.g. torture of prisoners
Evaluation of state crime
notion of ‘harm’ is very subjective, what counts as human rights?, using law definitions prevents the imposition of ideology
Explaining state crime
authoritarian personality and crimes of obedience
• My Lai massacre – authorization, routinization, dehumanization
• Modernity – division of labour, bureaucratization, instrumental rationality and technology
