Control, punishment and victimisation

Question 1

Surveillance in the 14th century vs. now

Answer 1

Plague then, cameras and control now

Question 2

Foucault - birth of prison

Answer 2

two types of control

1. sovereign - monarch in charge. Brutality and public executions
2. disciplinary - system aims to govern both mind and body

Question 3

Panopticon

Answer 3

surveillance becomes self

control inside prisoner

Question 4

What other types of discipline are there?

Answer 4

• Non – prison based control e.g. community service form part of carceral archipelago

Question 5

What is synoptic surveillance?

Answer 5

media allow many to monitor few

Question 6

What is actuarial justice and social sorting?

Answer 6

looks at risk of groups for limitation strategies

• Social sorting – entire group under ‘categorical suspicion’ e.g. stop and search for black males

Question 7

Evaluation of surveillance

Answer 7

wrongly assumes emotional aspects of punishment are gone , CCTV simply causes displacement, CCTV as version of male gaze which doesn’t make women secure

Question 8

Types of punishment

Answer 8

reduction (deterrence, rehabilitation and incapacitation) and retribution

Question 9

Functionalist view of punishment

Answer 9

uphold solidarity and reinforce value consensus. Punishment as expressive.
• 2 types of justice – 2 different types of society
• Retributive for traditional (based on collective conscience); restitutive for modern society (based on interdependence)

Question 10

Marxist view of punishment

Answer 10

society divided by class to serve capitalism 
•	Rusche and Kirchheimer – economy reflects penal system and prison reflects factory discipline

Question 11

How has the role of prisons changed?

Answer 11

traditional societal prisons were only pre – sentencing

• Enlightenment – prison to reform through labour, religion and surveillance

Question 12

How effective are prisons?

Answer 12

• Now – proved ineffective (2/3 recidivism) and move towards populist punitiveness

Question 13

Mass incarceration

Answer 13

from 1970s, prisoners became 3% of population

• May be ideological – soak up unemployment

Question 14

What is transcarceration?

Answer 14

individuals become locked in cycle of control (always under agency control)
• Alternatives to prison – major goal of dealing with young people is diversion
• Cohen – growth of community controls casts net of control over more people

Question 15

What is a victim?

Answer 15

victim is person who has suffered harm, loss or impairment through acts or omissions that violates law

Question 16

What is an ideal victim

Answer 16

Young, female, white and blameless

Question 17

Positivist victimology

Answer 17

interested in victim proneness
focus on interpersonal crimes of violence (where there may have been victim precipitation)

Miers’ 3 features (factors which produce patterns, interpersonal crimes of violence and victims who contribute to their own victimization)

Question 18

Victim proneness

Answer 18

age, ethnicity, class etc.

Question 19

Critical victimology

Answer 19

based on 2 factors (structural factors which place groups at greater risk and the withholding or applying of victim status - hides crimes of powerful

Question 20

Class

Answer 20

poorest at most risk. Homeless are 12x more likely to experience violence

Question 21

Age

Answer 21

young at most risk

Question 22

Ethnicity

Answer 22

EM at greater risk (and feel under – protected and over controlled)

Question 23

Gender

Answer 23

males at greater risk (70% of homicide victims are male)

Question 24

Repeat victimisation

Answer 24

4% are victims of 44% of crime

Question 25

Evaluation of victimisation

Answer 25

draws attention to role of power, focuses on women’s passivity instead of threat of patriarchal violence