Globalisation Flashcards

Question 1

Q

globalisation definition

Answer

A

the process of the worlds economies, political systems and cultures becoming more strongly connected to each other
if there was no globalisation there would be no interaction between countries and if there was complete globalisation the world would act like a single country

Question 2

Q

dimensions of globalisation

flows of information

Answer

A

information can be spread across the world very quickly
rapid spread of email, internet and social media mean large amounts of info can be exchanged instantly across the globe, this allows people living in different countries to communicate and work together
increasing flows of information are making the world more interconnected, e.g. people can learn a lot about different countries and cultures without leaving their own country

Question 3

Q

dimensions of globalisation

flows of capital

Answer

A

capital: money invested, spent to produce an income or increased profit
- historically capital was mostly invested within a country e.g. companies expanding by building new factories or branches in their country of origin
- over time amount of capital invested in to foreign countries has increased: foreign direct investment
- improvements in ICT have encouraged flows of capital around the world, it can instantly be moved around the world via the internet
- increasing flows of capital are making the world more interconnected e.g. most economies are now dependent on flows of investment to or from other countries

Question 4

Q

dimensions of globalisation

flows of products

Answer

A

historically manufacturing industries located in more developed countries and the products were being sold in the countries where they were made
recently manufacturing decreased in more developed countries
lower labour costs overseas have caused many companies to relocate the production side of their business abroad, they then import products to the countries where they’re sold e.g. apple produce in china
as a result international trade in manufactured goods is increasing
changing flows of products is making the world more interconnected e.g. many of the manufactured products products bought in the uk have been produced in other countries and then imported

Question 5

Q

dimensions of globalisation

flows of services

Answer

A

services are economic activities that aren’t based around producing any material goods, e.g. banking

improvements in ict have allowed services to become global industries in recent decades. things like banking and insurance depend on communication and transfer of information. improvements in ict mean thats services can locate anywhere in the world and still be able to serve the needs of customers anywhere else in the world
during 70s and 80s there was also deregulation and opening up of national financial markets to the rest of the world e.g. in the uk and the usa which means it was made easier for banks and and other financial institutions to do business in other countries
services can be split in to low level e.g. customer service and high level e.g. banking financial services. high level services tend to be concentrated in cities in more developed countries, companies are increasingly relocating low level services to less developed countries where labour is cheaper
increasing flows of services are making the world more interconnected e.g. people are connected to other countries just through having a bank account

Question 6

Q

dimensions of globalisation

flows of labour

Answer

A

flows of labour are movements of people who participate in the workforce from one country to another
-more people are moving overseas because they have to or choose to for work
-some migrants are highly skilled workers moving to developed countries where wages and working conditions are better. others are unskilled workers who move to more developed countries to look for work because of unemployment or poor wages in the own countries
increasing flows of people between different countries are making the world more interconnected e.g. people bring aspects of their culture with them and countries are connected because people have family all over the world

Question 7

Q

global marketing

Answer

A

marking is the process of promoting and selling products or services
now, many products and services are sold all over the world rather than just where they are produced, this means marketing has had to become global
global marketing involves treating the world as one single market and using on single marketing strategy to advertise a product to customers all over the world
global marketing gives economies of scale: it is cheaper to have one marketing campaign for the whole world rather than having a different campaign for every country
global marketing can create global brand awareness, customers around the world identify a name or logo with a particular product or service so they will purchase that product rather than a lesser known competitor
marketing needs to be adapted to regional markets: different populations have different laws and cultural attitudes e.g. about consuming alcohol

Question 8

Q

factors in globalisation

technologies, systems and relationships

Answer

A

development of new systems, technology and relationships in a range of sectors including finance, transport and and management have been the driving force behind globalisation
-systems: include ways of working, procedures and methods of organisation that allow a particular function to be carried out e.g. ‘just in time’ manufacturing system is a way of making products in response to the demand for them. since 1940’s many new systems have been introduced to make it easier for flows of info, capital, products, services and labour to cross national boundaries
-technology: used for info, communications, and transport has advanced rapidly e.g. internet allows access to information and aeroplanes allow goods and people to be transported around the world swiftly and efficiently
before the second world war most relationships involved one country losing and one country benefiting but nowadays relationships are based on trade and common rules; these allow everyone to gain

Question 9

Q

factors in globalisation

financial systems

Answer

A

the global financial system governs the flows of capital between countries
financial systems are based on companies called investment banks, the main role of investment banks is to help companies raise capital by selling shares on behalf of those companies. people or groups who buy shares are called investors and they receive a fraction of the profits that the company makes
in the 1980’s several things happened to make the financial system more global:
-information technology: investors and investment banks could easily find out whether a company was doing well or struggling and make an informed decision about whether to invest
-investment banks created new financial products that made foreign direct investment less risky
-governments around the world undertook financial deregulation where they relaxed rules about what banks allowed to do, included allowing banks to charge people more for their services as well as letting banks invest in a greater number of businesses
-financial deregulation also involved removing barriers to capital coming in and out a country, making it easier for banks to buy and sell shares
-led to a greater range of countries getting involved in finance
today investors and banks and other companies all over the world are part of the global financial system, the decisions of banks or investors in one part of the world can affect a company on the other side of the world

Question 10

Q

factors in globalisation

trade agreements

Answer

A

trade agreements remove barriers to trade
the global trade system governs the flows of products between countries
-trade is primarily regulated by countries governments who control which products they let into the country and at what price, controls include tariffs (taxes), non tariff barriers (quality controls) and the banning of certain products e.g. drugs
-controls make it more expensive for companies to sell their products abroad as well as for consumers to buy them
-to make it cheaper countries can enter into a trade agreement: one country agrees to remove controls in exchange for another country doing so = bilateral trade agreements
-multilateral trade agreements: trade agreements between several countries, all countries involved agree to remove tariffs and other controls
-world trade system governed by WTO which sets rules on how countries can trade with each other and acts as a forum for negotiation and to settle trade disputes

Question 11

Q

factors in globalisation

transport and communications systems

Answer

A

improved transport allowed people and products to get round the world more easily
uniform metal containers made it easier for goods to be transported more quickly and cheaply
communication satellites allow cheaper communication which means companies based in rural/remote areas can access internet and communicate
optic fibre cables allow fast communication
last 20 years significant growth in software that allows free communication

Question 12

Q

factors in globalisation

management and information systems

Answer

A

increased companies efficiency:

supply chains become global which allows companies to minimise cost
large companies benefit from economies of scale; purchase specialised equipment and use production lines and buy material in bulk which gives big companies an advantage over smaller companies
outsourcing to save costs
working practices changed, e.g. casual and temporary contracts save money

Question 13

Q

factors in globalisation

security

Answer

A

by forming trade agreements countries become interdependent, if two countries need each other to buy and sell their products it would not be in their interest to be at war with each other which means trade war is less likely
by working together countries are able to improve security e.g. north atlantic treaty organisation founded in 1949 with the aim of providing security after the cold war, by grouping together they were able to deter common threats
globalisation can make a conflict more likely: e.g. developed countries have in conflicts in developing countries to secure resources like oil

Question 14

Q

globalisation causes interdependence

Answer

A

they rely on each other
interdependence creates inequality between countries and people within the same country, tends to bring more benefits to developed countries than less developed
because the flows of people, money, ideas and technology and unequal

Question 15

Q

interdependence

economic

Answer

A

countries rely on each other for economic growth, consumers rely on producers to sell, producers rely on money for consumers

Question 16

Q

interdependence

political

Answer

A

countries dependent on each other to solve issues that cannot be addressed by just one country e.g. european migrant crisis

Question 17

Q

interdependence

social

Answer

A

greater connections between people living in different countries creates social interdependence between countries

Question 18

Q

interdependence

environmental

Answer

A

every country in the world is dependent on others to look after the environment

Question 19

Q

benefits and inequalities

unequal flows of people

Answer

A

people move from places with less jobs to more jobs
people leave countries to escape war (refugees) to the nearest safe country
people who move for economic reasons are usually not the poorest and have some level of skill
it is easier for people from developed countries than less developed countries to migrate
flows of people create economic growth because igrants do jobs that the countries citizens cant or dont want to do
migrants send money back to their home countries: remittance which can significantly increase economic growth in less developed countries
unequal flows of people can also create problems:
-inequalities: ‘brain drain’ when skilled people leave less developed countries which increases inequalities
-conflict: migrants happy to work for less money so companies depress wages for local population which can cause conflict between local population and migrants
-injustice: migrant workers made to work in dangerous conditions for little money

Question 20

Q

benefits and inequalities

unequal flows of money

Answer

A

flows of money can include remittances, foreign aid, fdi and income from trade
more often flows from developed to less developed countries, less developed countries rarely have the money required to invest in other countries
flows of money can bring benefits: fdi allows companie to take advantage of cheap raw materials and low labour costs while the host country benefits from the money and can be used to improve living standards and infrastructure
negative impacts:
-inequalities: foreign aid can create dependency and force out local businesses
-conflict: foreign aid can find its way to armed groups and help fund conflict, also conflict between companies and local people
-injustice: companies pressure govs of less developed to make it cheaper to trade there

Question 21

Q

benefits and inequalities

ideas

Answer

A

ideas about how the world works are dominated by developed countries
before 1980 most govs took responsibility for providing welfare for their citizens and controlling imports
however in the 80s many developed countries began to think the world would work better without state intervention, max economic growth only occur if trade barriers were removed, state owned companies privatised and gov spending cut: neo liberalism
increased free trade which led to move development and less conflict in some countries
negatives:
-inequalities: tends to concentrate wealth in the hands of a few
-conflict: developed countries may believe intervention is justified to save free trade which may cause conflict
-injustice: govs and tncs argue free trade and privatisation are best way for a country to develop which justifies poor working conditions and environmental degradation

Question 22

Q

benefits and inequalities

technology

Answer

A

flows from developed to less developed
concentration of technology lead to rapid innovation
negatives
-inequalities: developed countries afford latest technology whereas less developed cant, better technology=make good more cheaply and access info and services which gives developed countries an advantage
-conflict and injustice: repressive govs of less developed countries used weapons technology sold to them by developed countries to stop protests from their own peole

Question 23

Q

globalisation makes some countries more powerful than others

Answer

A

unequal flows of money, ideas and technology have created unequal power relations between countries with some having much more power than others
developed/emerging have a lot of control over the global economy and political events
less developed lack money and technology and have less power and are only able to respond to events:
-eg. power relations and climate change
biggest contributors=richest and reluctant to agree to limit climate change because they think it may damage economy through loss of jobs and energy prices
most effected = poorest but find it difficult to influence developed to decrease emissions due to lack of power

Question 24

Q

global institutions can reinforce unequal power relations

Answer

A

the IMF and world bank govern the global financial system
-imf monitors global economy, advises governments and grants loans
-world bank provides loans to less developed countries for development, money comes from loans from subscription countries
some people think they are reinforcing unequal power relations
-both based in usa and led by developed countries, less developed who are more likely to need loans have less influence
-loans are conditional: e.g. cutting trade regulation
-wto works to reduce trade barriers however many developed countries have kept then, boosting their economy at the expense of the less developed country

Question 25

Q

features and trends in international trade associated with globalisation

Answer

A

import and export of goods and services
increased dramatically since 80s
developed biggest traders, emerging catching up
less developed becoming bigger traders but growth is slow
more countries removing barriers due to formation of trade blocs
fair trade: supports less developed, increasing

Question 26

Q

features and trends in investment associated with globalisation

Answer

A

fdi: when money is spend in another country to generate profit
fdi investors attracted by size of market, stability of market, resources or access to financial services
vol of fdi risen
until 80s developed invested in developed, now investing in emerging and developing
emerging now invest heavily in less developed
ethical investment: investing in areas considered socially responsible, growing

Question 27

Q

global trade rules

Answer

A

set by wto
using tariffs/non tariff barriers to shield from foreign competition: protectionism, free trade is the policy of removing these barriers
wto set up to increase trade and resolve disputes
rules:
-cant give another country special access besides members of their trade bloc
-should promote free trade
-act predictably
-fair competition, no unfair advantages over rivals

Question 28

Q

trading blocs

Answer

A

associations between different governments the promote and manage trade, remove barriers between members

many are regional: made it easier to trade between neighbours
based around specific industries: e.g. oil which aim to standardise prices
special economic zones (diff rules lower taxes) increase volume of trade with emerging and less developed countries

Question 29

Q

trading relationships between developed, emerging and less developed countries

Answer

A

developed: most trade in the world takes place between developed countries, machinery and chemicals, require money and expertise to make
less developed: trade mainly with emerging and developed, export food, tobacco, crude oil
emerging: increasingly important, highly educated population growing

Question 30

Q

differential access to markets

developed countries have greater access than others

Answer

A

access to markets: how easy it is to trade

access affected by wealth, developed put higher tariffs on good from less developed making it harder for them to access the market. developed have more money to invest so can avoid high tariffs by opening factories in less developed. less developed depend on loans which means removing trade barriers
access increased by trade blocs

Question 31

Q

SDT agreements give less developed countries greater access to markets

Answer

A

wto forms special and differential treatment agreements that lets the least developed countries bypass developed countries tariffs which gives them greater market access

e. g. everything but arms agreement
- profits made from sdt agreements allows less developed countries to diversify industries they have
- may have a negative impact on developed countries by allowing cheap imports into the country and regional trade blocs may be more effective

Question 32

Q

differential access to markets

economic impacts

Answer

A

hard for countries with poor market access to establish new industries, high tariffs=uncompetitive products and undercut by tncs producing similar products more cheap;y
-dependent on low value primary products that fluctuate in price = low gross national income = less money to invest in industry so economic development is slow
high market access = more economic growth

Question 33

Q

differential access to markets

social impacts

Answer

A

better market access = higher paid jobs = more disposable income = higher standard of living
less market access = less money for education and healthcare = quality of life is lower
dangerous poorly paid work moved from developed to less developed countries, employ children which is illegal in developed countries

Question 34

Q

trade and market access affects peoples lives around the world

Answer

A

trade benefits developed more than developing
trade and high levels of market access also mean a wide range of good are available in developed countries which further increases standard of living
trade also creates interdependence

Question 35

Q

world trade in one food commodity
the coffee trade
where coffee is grown

Answer

A

-hot wet countries around the equator, coffee production dominated by south america, carribean, asia and africa
-two types: arabica and robusta, 70% arabica, high quality but more expensive
-grown in nurseries, moved to farms, most grown in smallholdings rather than plantations
-issues in coffee production
susceptible to diseases which harm leaves and prevent growth e.g. coffee berry disease
-coffee farmers have to look out for insects and pests e.g. black twig borer destroys plant
-weather conditions make outbreaks of disease and pests more likely
-farmers use fertilisers and pesticides but are often imported so can be expensive

Question 36

Q

world trade in one food commodity
the coffee trade
where coffee is traded and price

Answer

A

-produced by less developed and consumed by developed
-brazil largest producer
-usa largest importer, europe, japan, canada and russia also import a lot of coffee
-price fluctuates depending on supply and demand
demand increases and supply remains the same then price increases
supply increases and demands remain the same then price will decrease
low price is good for consumers, high price good for producers
price high, people produce more = price falls
price low, people buy more = price rises
price fluctuations effects farmers, low price = farmers go out of businesses because cant afford to produce at a low price

Question 37

Q

world trade in one food commodity
the coffee trade
TNCs

Answer

A

7-10% of price of coffee bought in the supermarket goes to farmers because they sell the unprocessed bean which is of low value
tncs buy beans and roast them increasing value and receiving majority of profits
farmers in less developed, tncs in developed so profits go to developed
coffee producers = small scale farmers = depend on coffee so little power to dictate prices whereas tncs have a lot of control, 4 companies dominate 40% of global coffee exports
tncs pick and choose who they buy coffee from e.g. whoever has the lowest price so coffee compete with each other to cut wages, labour regulations and environmental protection in order to attract TNCs, ‘race to the bottom’

Question 38

Q

world trade in one food commodity
the coffee trade
fairtrade coffee

Answer

A

-setting minimum prices that buyer has to pay producer to cover all of farmers costs
-maintain environmental standards and prohibit forced child labour and forced labour
fairtrade coffee campaign grown
fair trade pays additional money into communal fund for local communities to help them develop: fairtrade premium
ethical

Question 39

Q

TNCs

spatial organisation

Answer

A

operate in two or more countries
2013, 80% of global trade linked to TNCs
primary, secondary and tertiary industry
bring investment, spread technologies and promote particular cultures
potential investment, creation of jobs and provision of new technology can have political influences
main driving forces behind globalisation
create a global supply chain:
-HQ in big cities in developed countries, well connected in terms of transport and communications and have high skilled workers
-research and development where theres a supply of highly educated people, often same place as HQ
-regional r&d facilities closer to markets theyre selling in so they can make products specifically for that market
-factories in less developed countries where production costs are lower and factories where their market is to avoid taxes and transport costs

Question 40

Q

TNCs

linkages

Answer

A

tncs make links by expanding operations:
mergers: two companies become one bigger which helps links form between the two countries where the two companies operate
acquisitions: where one company buys another
subcontractors: tncs use foreign companies to manufacture products without actually owning the business
fdi: can involve mergers, acquisitions and subcontractors
tncs expand their operations to gain more control over markets:
-vertical integration: takes over parts of its supply chain
-horizontal integration: merges with or takes over another company at the same stage of production

Question 41

Q

TNCs

production

Answer

A

create a global supply chain which gives them economies of scale and means they get the most value from their whole supply chain
-tncs in primary industry invest in countries with natural resources so they can extract
tncs in secondary invest in countries with low labour costs and cheap land where govs encourage tax breaks and where there is a larger market for their products
tncs in tertiary invest in countries with a well educated population
invest in countries with weak labour and environmental regulations which allow them to cut costs

Question 42

Q

TNCs

trade

Answer

A

intrafirm trading: one division of the tnc trades with another, makes up 30-50% of international trade, prices are decided by management not the market giving tncs greater power over global trade
tnc opens in new country: multiplier effect, creates new jobs, which gives people more money to spend which helps local businesses and governments
make it easier for local companies to trade as part of a global supply chain

Question 43

Q

TNCs

marketing

Answer

A

take advantage of global marketing, benefit from having a lot of money to spend on advertising
gain knowledge of local markets and adjust marketing accordingly
aim is to create a brand recognised globally

Question 44

Q

walmart tnc

about

Answer

A

chain of department stores
largest retail tnc
began 1962 in arkansas
spread across the globe via acquisition 
divides its labour across diff countries
hq in arkansas
most manufacturing carried out where costs are lower
starting to expand into emerging economies, e.g. bharti enterprises

Question 45

Q

walmart tnc
impacts in usa
social

Answer

A

provides a wide choice of good
open 24 hours so consumers can shop when they like
jobs poorly paid with few benefits so people have to rely on state benefits
poor working conditions, long and irregular hours

Question 46

Q

walmart tnc
impacts in usa
economic

Answer

A

creates jobs
low prices
decline in manufacturing industry, buys products from manufacturers outside usa which has caused loss of manufacturing jobs in usa
loss of local businesses, cause smaller shops to shut down as they cant match low prices which can cause the loss of jobs

Question 47

Q

walmart tnc
impacts in usa
environmental

Answer

A

polluting gases but has opened ‘green stores’ that run on renewable energy
stores are often large and out of town, they take up large areas of land and driving to them causes pollution

Question 48

Q

walmart tnc
impacts in host country
social

Answer

A

offers skilled jobs in less developed countries
in poorest working for walmart can offer a more reliable wage than other jobs
working conditions may be poor, long working hours
walmart donates to improve health and environment in countries it operates

Question 49

Q

walmart tnc
impacts in host country
economic

Answer

A

creates jobs in construction, manufacturing and retail services
local companies and farmers supply goods, e.g. walmart works will over 6000 canadian farmers
local supplies to walmart may be able to expand their business by exporting their goods to walmart stores in other countries
criticised for forcing their supplies to accept low prices for their products
local companies suffer competing with walmart
most of profits are sent back to usa rather than into host countries economy

Question 50

Q

walmart tnc
impacts in host country
environmental

Answer

A

invests in environmentally friendly technologies and sustainable development
use large areas of land for factories and stores

Question 51

Q

global governance

norms, laws and instituions

Answer

A

-lots of issues today are global and go beyond the scope of national laws
glob norms, laws and institutions have been formed to deal with issues like these:
-international laws through international agreements, cover human rights, labour standards and trade regulations
-norms: accepted standards of behaviour, negative consequences for people that dont follow them
-institutions: political and legal organisations, exist to pass and enforce laws, include the UN, WTO and international criminal court
global gov regulates global economic and political systems by setting up rules, monitoring whether they follow the rules and enforcing the rules
setting rules ensures everyone taking part in the global system acts in a certain way

Question 52

Q

global governance aims to produce growth and stability

Answer

A

-laws and norms mean countries must abide by common rules providing greater stability because people know how countries are likely to react in a situation meaning conflict is less likely, trade rules mean countries cant take advantage of each other so all can develop
-wto aims to increase trade which leads to economic growth and rules make trade more predictable, increasing stability. world bank gives loans to increase development
-world health organisation combats epidemics e.g. ebola which increases social stability
issues:
-countries sign up voluntarily so if a country doesnt sign or formally approve they are not bound by the laws the treaty sets out
-difficult to make companies and tncs comply with rules, dont get sanctioned because they are so important to global economy
-some say global institutions act for political reasons

Question 53

Q

global institutions can create inequalities and injustice

Answer

A

conditions to receiving loan from imf or world bank or implementing free trade policies which can make poverty and inequalities worse
economic groups like g7 strengthen power of developed countries rather than encouraging equality
members of security institutions e.g. united nations security council can veto resolutions

Question 54

Q

the UN

about

Answer

A

set up in 1945 to establish a peaceful and fair world
193 member countries = lot of authority
aims: global peace and security, friendly relations, cooperation to solve international problems, bring countries together to settle disputes

Question 55

Q

the UN

growth and stability

Answer

A

growth: UN millenium development goals helped to reduce number of people living in poverty, 2015 set new targets for 2030
stability: un peacekeeping missions help to end wars e.g. peaceful elections in cote d’iviore

Question 56

Q

the UN

inequalities and injustices

Answer

A

inequalities: developed countries hold the most power over decisions taken at the un and many of the decisions affect african countries the most but no african country has a permanent seat
injustices: at times the un has been ineffective, e.g. 8000 people massacred in bosnian serbs

Question 57

Q

institutions work together to make global governance a success

Answer

A

instituions operate at a range of scales that all need to interact to ensure global governance is a success: (global, international, national, regional and local)
decisions made by institutions affect institutions at all scales e.g. paris climate change agreement and institutions at international to local level had to change policies to fit agreement
decisions at local/regional level can affect at global level e.g. oct 2016 regional gov in wallonia, belgium temporarily blocked trade between eu and canada
ngos operate on a range of scales to monitor and support institutions e.g. some ngos lobby for national govs to create laws

Question 58

Q

the global commons

the rights of all to the benefits of the global commons

Answer

A

areas that arent owned by any one country, belong to everybody so should be available for everyones use and benefit
four global commons:
-antartica
-the high seas
-earth’s atmosphere
-outer space
governed by diff pieces of international law
environmental ngos want to protect the commons from exploitation as they offer unique habitats for wildlife and have a positive impact on environmental systems, they also value scientific investigation

Question 59

Q

the global commons

pressures

Answer

A

people feel they can exploit the global commons without consequences as the cost of exploitation is shared by everyone: the tragedy of the commons
industrialisation and development are increasing the demand for resources and many of these are extracted from the global commons. industrialisation and development also create waste that is pumped into the atmosphere or oceans
new technology made it easier for people to get to areas such as the high seas or outer space that were inaccessible before which has made them more vulnerable to exploitation
global commons are under pressure which cause problems for the planet as a whole
high seas victim of overfishing which has knock on effect on foodchains
atmospheric pollution causing climate change
increased carbon dioxide also causes acidification of the oceans which affects marine organisms

Question 60

Q

the global commons

protection

Answer

A

instituions began to acknowledge countries right to develop must be balanced by the need to protect the global commons
ngos such as wwf have called for global commons to be protected by making sure development is sustainable
sustainable development of global commons requires global cooperation

Question 61

Q

antartica as a global common

environment and climate

Answer

A

larger than europe
90\5 of all ice on earth
the whole of antartica plus the southern ocean as far north as the antartic convergence are considered part of the global commons
-very little water for plants to grow, inland areas receive less than 166mm of precipitation per year, low enough to class antartica as a desert and most precip that falls is frozen
-avg temp -49 degrees c, very little sunshine in winter, very few plants and animals can survive there, have to be specially adapted
-at the antarctic convergence theres upwelling of nutrient rich cold water. microscopic phytoplankton thrive here which provides plenty of food for krill and form the basis of the whole of the southern ocean food chain
-abundant sea life and birds survive on sea life
marine ecosystem is fragile, if the population of one species decreases it affects other species

Question 62

Q

threats to antarctica

climate change

Answer

A

past 5 decades areas along the west coast of antarcica have warmed up to 3 degrees, fastest temp rises on earth
warming cause ice shelves around weddell and ross sea to melt, as the ice shelves have retreated the antarctic environment has changed dramatically
species of pengiun adapted to sea ice have decreased since the ice has melted
antarctic krill depend on environment sea ice provides, krill population declined by around 80% since 1970 as sea ice has melted, krill are the main source of food for many s impacts on food chains
melting of ice impact on global sea levels that have risen by around 3mm a year since 1990
climate change causes ocean acidification, depletes amount of calcium carbonate in the water which plankton use for form their shells

Question 63

Q

threats to antarctica

fishing and whaling

Answer

A

overfishing threatens many species, antarctic krill are the most fished species. reduced fish and krill populations have knock on effects on other species in food chains
legal limits on how much fish can be caught each year to keep stocks sustainable however lots of illegal fishing takes place which is difficult to monitor
other species effected, e.g. albatrosses and petrels get caught in fishing lines and drown
whaling common in mid 20th century but declined since 1982 when regulations were brought to ban all commercial whaling, some countries continue to kill whales for ‘scientific’ purposes
whaling significantly decreased the antarctic whale population which is now slowly recovering however whales are slow breeders so it will take a long time to recover fully

Question 64

Q

threats to antarctica

search for minerals

Answer

A

believed to be a lot of mineral in antarctica, large underground deposits of coal and irom
mining currently banned in antarctica but conditions arent favourable anyway, too far to transport machinery and landscape and climate would make mining very difficult and expensive
may change in the future due to increasing demand for minerals and oil supplies being depleted elsewhere. miing in the antarctic would damage the environment

Answer 65

A

increases shipping and air travel leading to water and air pollution, also a risk of boats grounding or hitting icebergs which can cause fuel spills
tourists can disturb breeding colonies of birds, trampling damages fragile vegetation and erodes the landscape. litter and waste disposal damages habitats and can harm wildlife, especially because decomposition rates in cold environments are slow
non native species may be introduced e.g. on tourists clothing, these may alter food webs and ecosystems
antarctica also important for scientific and environmental research, this requires lots of facilities including bases for researchers to live, roads to transport supplies and places to store fuel. until 80s lot of waste created in these bases was burned, thrown into the sea or dumped

Answer 66

A

the antarctic treaty is an agreement about how to sustainably manage antarctica’s ecosystems, now signed by 53 countries:
only used for peaceful reasons
cooperate on scientific research
should remain in the global commons.
all bases and equipment can be inspected at any time
protocol on environmental protection to the antarctic treaty signed in 1991, focuses on protecting antarcticas fragile environment, banned all mining and set rules to protect plants and animals, regulate waste disposal and and prevent pollution
no system to ensure all countries abide by the rules
countries involved must reach a consensus over all decisions regarding antarctica, tackling problems can therefore be slow and difficult

Answer 67

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responsible for regulating whaling and ensuring the whale population is a sustainable level
1994 iwc set up a whale sanctuary
campaigners criticised iwc for not properly monitoring number of whales in sanctuary

Answer 68

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unep is a un agency and is the main institution that governs the worlds environment, responsible for reporting activity in antarctica to the un
aims to stop illegal fishing and conserve antarctic ecosystem by setting up protected areas
effectiveness is limited by individual countries protecting their own interests

Answer 69

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banned all commerical whaling
success is monitored by estimating whale populations based on sightings and modelling
us and aus believe should register whales, others saw iwc does not have authority to do this
ngos including greenpeace said that it is poorly enforced, japan continue to kill whales

Answer 70

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-dont act on behalf of a particular country so well positioned to observe whether countries are sticking to laws governing antarctica and to call international attention to those who arent
-ASOC
formed 1978 from a group of NGOs concerned about countries making it legal to mine in antarctica and successfully campaigned to make antarctic treaty meeting more transparent and allow ngos to attend
interested in protecting the environment not exploiting
monitors enviro changes and checks whether countries are sticking to rules and krill populations sustainable
also monitors effects of climate change by checking ice melt and sea levels
campaigns with other ngos to reduce greenhouse emissions

Answer 71

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monitoring of melting sea ice informed efforts to combat climate change, this affects daily life e.g. using renewable energy resources, conserving electricity and using cars less
global gov slow down short term economic growth in some countries e.g. limiting whale and fish caught limits selling however secures resources for future
global gov allows scientific exploration of antarctica
allows tourists to visit safely and securely

Answer 72

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allows countries to pool resources to solve global issues that are too great for a single country to deal with
greater integration of info and people creates a better understanding of people of diff backgrounds and cultures

Answer 73

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as countries become more interconnect they become more dependent on one another which discourages ay actions that would upset global stability because of the negative consequences for all countries

Answer 74

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foreign investment brings capital into a country which can be used to improve education and infrastructure which can attract further trade and investment which leads to further development
global institutions like the world bank can direct resources to help countries develop further

Answer 75

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participation in global trade allows countries to profit from their natural resources and specialist industries generating wealth
countries can also gain products and services that they would be unable to produce themselves
greater access to money and products improves peopes standards of living

Answer 76

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as companies move low skilled jobs to less developed countries low skilled workers in developed countries find it more difficult to earn money which creates a greater divide between rich and poor people within countries. developed countries have greater access to capital anc technology meaning they have an advantage over less developed countries which increases inequalities between countries

Answer 77

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developed countries have intervened in conflicts in order to secure natural resources like oil
cyber warfare is a new source of conflict

Answer 78

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improved transport and communications make human trafficking easier.
many people in less developed countries have to work in sweatshops to make products for people in developed countries

Answer 79

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global trade increases amount of transportation required which means more pollution and greater greenhouse gas emissions
access to resources from around the world causes deforestation and overfishing
global trade can lead to a race to the bottom in which countries and companies ignore environmental impacts in order to produce cheaper goods
abundance of cheap products means people can afford to be more wasteful increasing landfill

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Globalisation Flashcards

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