Changing places

Question 1

the concept of place

Answer 1

• location on a map/grid reference
• physical characteristics: topography
• human characteristics
• all things that flow in/out of a place
• the sense of place: emotional meanings

Question 2

importance of place in human life and experiences

Answer 2

• physical characteristics change over timescales, long: rivers migrate, short: volcano erupts and alters landscape
• human characteristics: change over lifetimes e.g. new people born in a place whilst old die or shorter: people migrate in and out of a place
• flows: e.g. money change when a mnc invests in a new factory or closes existing factory
• sense of place: changes, e.g. places played as a child will not have same meaning when they return as an adult

Question 3

place identity

Answer 3

people create identity based on places they feel connected to because they share characteristics they feel bind them together as a group
seen at diff scales:
-local: individuals from a village sharing a positive sense of that village
-regional: individuals from a region sharing an accent
-national: sharing a religion/language

Question 4

insiders and outsiders

Answer 4

relating identity to a place means people can be perceived as belonging to those places or not: idea of insiders/outsiders in a place
-insider: someone who is familiar with a place and feels welcome
outsider: someone who feels unwelcome/excluded, dont feel they belong
effected by age, sexuality, gender

Question 5

experienced places

Answer 5

places people have spent time in, when a person visits/lives in a place their experience shape their sense of that place

Question 6

media places

Answer 6

places people have not been to but have created a sense of place for through their depiction in media
a persons sense of a media place can be very different to the lived experience of the same place because the media may present a place in a particular way for a particular purpose

Question 7

near places

Answer 7

geographically near, more likely to feel like insiders as more likely to have experienced or feel comfortable in them but some may feel excluded due to age, sexuality, gender etc

Question 8

far places

Answer 8

distant from where a person lives, more likely to feel like outsiders as less likely to have experienced or feel comfortable

Question 9

globalisation effect on places

Answer 9

-travel technology means far places are quicker to get to and can therefore be experienced more quickly and easily
-ict means people can be very familiar with media places
-remain closely connected with people and activities in far places via internet
therefore increasingly likely people will feel more connected or like insiders in geographically far places
global companies and products mean that far places can feel very similar to near places
placelessness: globalisation making distant places look and feel the same

Question 10

what are endogenous factors

Answer 10

the internal factors that shape a places character; physical, e.g. location, topography, or human: land use, built environment, infrastructure, demographic etc

Question 11

what are exogenous factors

Answer 11

external factors that shape a places character including the relationship to other places and the flows in and out of a place

Question 12

endogenous factors
physical
location

Answer 12

where a place is
places can be characterised by features that are present because of their location e.g. coastal region characterised by port

Question 13

endogenous factors
physical
topography

Answer 13

the shape of the landscape
directly, e.g. mountainous characterised by steep slope
other factors: e.g. land use, mountainous suitable for certain types of pastoral farming

Question 14

endogenous factors
physical
physical geography

Answer 14

the environmental features of a place e.g. altitude, aspect, soil and rock type
characterised directly: diff types of rocks form diff types of landscapes
physical geography affects other factors: e.g. economic characteristics e.g. place rich in natural resources can be characterised by the industries that can exist there

Question 15

endogenous factors
human
land use

Answer 15

refers to human activities that occur on land e.g. farming
one of the most important factors in directly defining the character of a place, e.g. place thought of as rural if land use is farming
land use also effects other factors that give a place its character, e.g. residential and leisure land uses often require a lower density built environment
land use changes over time e.g. through deindustrialisation

Question 16

endogenous factors
human
built environment and infrastructure

Answer 16

aspects of a place built by humans
infrastructure: structures built for transport, commincations and services e.g. roads and sewer systems
characterised directly:
-town and city centres higher density buildings, lower blocks and likely to have complex/dense networks of roads and railtracks as well as communications and other built features
villages have fewer, smaller buildings at a lower density and less complex infrastructure networks, built features such as markets or village halls

Question 17

endogenous factors
human
demographic and economic characteristics

Answer 17

who lives in a place and what theyre like, age, gender, education level, religion etc
directly contribute: e.g. many people retire to seaside towns meaning they can have an older population and younger people feel like outsiders
economic characteristics are factors to do with work and money e.g. income and employment rates
can directly contribute to a character of a place: e.g. kensington in london high proportions of above average earners and low unemployment so characterised as wealthy

Question 18

exogenous factors

Answer 18

how places are related to other places and and how these relationships affect their character
connected by things such as relative location, and by flows of people, resources, money and ideas
-relative location: e.g. villages and towns outside major cities counted as commuter settlements
-tourism
-flows of investment
-migration gives unique demographic characteristics e.g. birmingham 27% population asian descent

Question 19

external flows cause places to change

Answer 19

places are constantly changing
historically the character of a place was heavily affected by endogenous factors
the original character of many places may have changed because of exogenous factors that have occurred over time
recent history, flows of people, money resources and ideas between places have increased because of increased transport and communications: globalisation

Question 20

demographic change caused by shifting flows

flows of people

Answer 20

change any demographic characteristic, e.g. age or gender balance, local scale - young people leaving sussex because they cant afford to buy houses leaving an older population, international: large scale migration from north africa to europe altered the gender balance in some towns as a high proportion of migrants are male

Question 21

demographic change caused by shifting flows

flows of money and investment

Answer 21

either from governments or businesses
e.g governments invest money in specific places in order to attract people there, e.g. london docklands development corporation improved economy and built environment which resulted in population increase

Question 22

demographic change caused by shifting flows

flows of idea and resources

Answer 22

ideas such as the use of birth control can flow to new places and affect their demographic, e.g. by reducing birthrate and affecting population size. poorest countries in the world have the lowest usage of birth control and rapid population growth

Question 23

shifting flows affecting cultural characteristics

Answer 23

cultural characteristics: how people live their lives, e.g. foods, customs, clothing, language, art, attitudes
change due to changing external flows:
-flows of people: people going to a new place bring their culture with them which can change the characteristics of a place, e.g. in the 20th century uk experienced mass migration from india and pakistan which created multiethnic communities in many places so there is a greater mix of languages spoken, religions practiced and foods eaten
-flows of money/investment/ideas: e.g. fast food companies from the usa such as mcdonalds opened restaurants in china and have grown rapidly since, eating habits have changed in china as a result with more people preferring western food over traditional chinese food

Question 24

external forces

decisions of multinational corporations

Answer 24

major impacts on demographic, social and economic characteristics e.g. detroit in the usa was a major global centre of car manufacturing in the early and mid 20th century with mncs such as ford located there

• investment from mncs gave the city a massive economic boost, large numbers of jobs that offered high wages
• this altered demographic characteristics by attracting large numbers of migrants so the population grew to a peak of 1.8mil
• after the 1950s many mncs closed or relocated factories to cheaper places such as mexico which had impacts:
• population decline
• reductions in employment
• social deprivation

Question 25

past connections shape places

Answer 25

connections in the past shape their character in the present e.g. london and new york connected by sea trade routes which helped them to become more wealthy, attract more people and be more closely linked to other cultures, they gardually became world cities

Question 26

present connections shape places

Answer 26

new connections are made in the present that can affect their character e.g. london and ny made connections that strengthen them as world cities, they are now more closely connected through finance and banking because of the internet and fast air travel

Question 27

past developments shape places

Answer 27

• many settlements in the uk initially developed because of factors to do with their locations e.g. sheffield initially developed near coal and iron reserves
• during the industrial revolution large industrial cities developed that were globally connected through trade of goods produced which resulted in large scale rural to urban migration as people moved to the cities in search of work in the factories. today, old industrial centres remain as large cities e.g. sheffield became a major centre of the steel industry trading cutlery all over the world, the work available in the steel industry attracted workers and made sheffield a major population centre
• later 20th century many uk cities heavily affected by deindustrialisation. these cities remained large population centres but less well connected globally due to loss of trade and suffered economic and social decline

Question 28

sheffield is a mixture of industrial past and redevelopment work being done there today

Answer 28

-still characterised as an industrial city, still supply steel to international markets and heritage is retained by creating a conservation area to preserve historically significant roads and buildings
new art instillations such as the cutting edge sculpture also reflect the industrial nature of the city
-new connections made: student city 50,000 students and a place of academic and research excellence
-new connections in high tech industries e.g. advanced manufacturing research centre carries out research into manufacturing techniques
-sheffield city council rebranding the city as ‘the outdoor city’ to encourage tourism and boost events surrounding activities such as cycling climbing and walking

Question 29

people perceive and present places differently

Answer 29

• places have meaning to people that know them: sense of place
• different people attach different meanings to same place
• how people feel is dependent on experience
• can also depend on representation: how individuals or organisations such as businesses or councils portray places they know to other people
• proud=present in a positive way
• tourism companies promote positively to gain
• meanings and representations change how people behave towards a place
• also important because many people generate identity on places they feel connected to

Question 30

groups try to influence perceptions of place

Answer 30

• governments: to attract people/investment
• corporate bodies: to generate profit
• community: try to change perception to improve local economy or lives of local people

Question 31

strategies to alter perception of place

Answer 31

• place marketing: how places are sold to people who will potentially visit, design logos, run advertising campaigns or social media pages designed to promote, e.g. lake district becoming the adventure capital of the uk
• reimaging: changing existing negative perceptions e.g. birmingham by turning old industrial developments into new developments e.g. brindley place redeveloped into town centre mixed developments
• rebranding: new identity that is appealing to people achieved through logos and slogans that are instantly recognisable and create positive associations, e.g. ‘people make glasgow’

Question 32

places can be represented using diff forms

statistics

Answer 32

e.g. census data, quantitative info about population, structure, average income, crime figures etc
raw data or visually represented
objective but can be used subjectively
dont usually tell you anything about sense of place

Question 33

places can be represented using diff forms

maps

Answer 33

used to show any sort of data that has a location, where physical features are or quantitative data; demographic or economic data
some maps can show qualitative such as levels of happiness which may be more helpful for sense of place
show you reliable data but can also be misleading, historical maps may be inaccurate

Question 34

places can be represented using diff forms

films, photography and art

Answer 34

show what places look like and can give some sense of the character of places however only show what the artis wants to show you and can therefore be misleading
only show what the place looks like in a given moment
photographs can also be altered to make a place look diff
films and tv evoke a sense of place that is dependent on the nature of the story being told
painting and sculptures less reliable that films and photos because they are the artists interpretation, more effective at conveying sense of place and character though

Question 35

places can be represented using diff forms

stories, articles, music and poetry

Answer 35

articles can evoke a sense of how it feels to be in that place however usually only offer perspective of the author so dont show a complete picture
newspapers give detail but may be biased
stories, must and poetry give emotional impression but only from writers perspective