Globalisation Flashcards
Globalisation refers to the ____, in the political, economic, cultural and social realms, of nation-states, peoples, businesses and individuals on a worldwide basis.
interconnectedness and interdependence
Economic globalisation refers to the growing importance of ____ networks of production, consumption, trade and finance.
transnational
The exposure to economic ____ from globalisation have had great implications for NZ.
pressures
One such consequence has been an increase in economic ____, in that the wealthy have benefited from globalisation while the poor have suffered as a result.
inequality
This essay will discuss ways in which ____ has effected low-income NZers.
economic globalisation
Firstly, economic globalisation has caused a reduction in employment availability and income for many ____ class people of NZ.
working
One of the key features of economic globalisation is the ____ corporation.
transnational
These mega companies are not bound to one geographical place, nor are they constrained within one ____; they exist across many such nation-states and at many locations.
nation-state
One of the benefits for such corporations is the ability to ____ work and production to the most cost-effective region.
outsource
Often these cost effective production sites are in ____ countries, even though the goods may be for developed countries.
developing
For NZ workers this has meant a loss of jobs to off-shore companies, as the now transnational companies, that were once NZ based, seek to find ____ sources of production.
cheaper
Or, alternatively, NZ based companies that are yet unable to take advantage of off-shore production are forced to reduce production costs in NZ by ____ wages paid to workers, through wages cuts or reduced work hours, or automating once manual processes.
reducing
Another consequence related to this has been the loss of confidence in ____ employment.
long-term
The ____ concept that was once prevalent in NZ has been replaced by uncertainty and frequent changes of employment by workers seeking better opportunities.
job-for-life
Secondly, for those experiencing poverty and unemployment, economic globalisation has caused a ____ in assistance available from the welfare state.
reduction
The recent ____ governments of NZ, 1980-2005, have taken a harder line on welfare provision (McClelland, 2006).
Neo-Liberal
These government have met ____ pressure to sell state-held assets and to reduce taxes.
global
This has resulted in a reduction of the available funds for ____ provision.
welfare
Those most affected by this are those who receive ____ (including sickness and domestic purposes benefits), housing assistance, and child-care support.
pensions or unemployment benefits
This has led to a low-income ____ over the past three decades, due to the increased number of people on benefits and cuts in the available funds for benefits, while incomes of the wealthy have risen sharply over that same period (Rashbrooke, 2014).
stagnation
One of the major polices to address these issues was a strong emphasis on ____, where the unemployed person was required to attend training and/or menial type labour tasks in order to receive their benefit.
work incentives
But this is effectively only giving people skills in unqualified labour for jobs that don’t actually exist, however, some assisted ____ have been and still are effective, such as Workbridge.
work schemes
An unintended outcome of this policy, and the ensuing inequality, has been to create a ____ and social exclusion between low-income families and those of a more comfortable income, but further and more pointedly, between the unemployed and the employed.
social divide
There has been a shift from seeing unemployment as a temporary and unfortunate state that is soon to be remedied and to now seeing it as a ____ of the unemployed person who is now failing to contribute to the good of the nation, and has, in fact, become a burden to it.
personal failing
Inequality is not a new phenomenon in NZ, it has always been present in relation to wealth, gender, ethnicity and so on, but the ____ of economic globalisation is relatively new.
inequality
However, NZ policy makers are aware of it and are attempting to address the issue with ____ politics.
‘third way’
This is an approach that tries to combine and compress the polar opposites of left- and right-wing conservatives into a more ____ approach that will yield the most benefit to the most effected.
homogenous
One outcome of this, and a preparation for future change, is the notion of ____, which increases the size of representation in parliament, but opens it up to more diverse groups.
MMP
Under this system it is very unlikely to have a ____ government and therefore coalitions become necessary.
majority
Under a coalition government parties must negotiate with others to form a stable government which generally includes the compromising and aligning of pre-election policies, with the benefit of such compromise going to those most in need of ____.
social justice
