Crime Flashcards

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1
Q

Crime is a complex phenomena and that is it is a ______ and therefore reliant upon social norms and as a result laws changed to suit the times.

A

social construct

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2
Q

I once read that crime is a position of privilege, in that the ____ create the laws and oversee their enforcement while also avoiding their impact.

A

privileged

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3
Q

Along this theme, crime in NZ is clearly correlated to both ____ and ____ and disadvantages the underprivileged.

A

class and ethnicity

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4
Q

Crime in NZ is disproportionately the domain of the ____ and those of ____ decent, while the European descendant middle and upper classes seem less represented in criminal statistics.

A

underprivileged and those of Maori decent

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5
Q

There are a number of ____ reasons for this imbalance and responses have been put in place in an attempt to address issues that perpetuate crime in these target groups.

A

statistically proven

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6
Q

This essay will consider two observations that highlight the ____ of criminal conviction in poorer classes and Maori people respectively, and outline one intervention used to address such.

A

disproportionality

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7
Q

It is universally accepted that there is a strong correlation between ____; in NZ crime tends to be committed by poor people (Quince, 2007).

A

poverty and criminal offending

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8
Q

According to one criminologist, Nixon (1990), people break the law because they belong to a ____ where law-breaking occurs.

A

social group

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9
Q

Theories of ____ state that crime is not simply the result of poverty but due also to the complex interactions of a number of social process, including lawmaking policies and law enforcement practices, among others.

A

deprivation

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10
Q

This means that certain groups are ____ not just they commit more crime, but because they are subject to over-surveillance.

A

over-criminalised

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11
Q

In NZ this means that those in a ____ group are not only more susceptible to being drawn into crime for the purpose of survival, betterment or agitation.

A

low socio-economic

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12
Q

But further, that suburbs of known poverty are assigned more ____ and police are more vigilant and willing to stop those who appear to be of a low socio-economic group thereby creating a higher arrest and conviction rate among these groups.

A

police

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13
Q

However, this does not necessarily reflect that there is less crime in other socio-economic groups, just that those are not ____ to the same degree.

A

apprehended

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14
Q

There is also a strong correlation between ____ and rates of offending (Quince, 2007).

A

ethnicity

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15
Q

In NZ recorded rates of conviction for Maori are ____ times higher than those for non-Maori and there is statistical evidence to show a trend in Maori of serious habitual offending (Fergusson, et al., 2003).

A

4 to 5

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16
Q

As a result, Maori are ____ in recorded offending, even though Maori represent only 15% of the total population they are 3 times more likely to offend.

A

overrepresented

17
Q

This suggests that there is a ____ that further affects Maori specifically.

A

bias

18
Q

This is addition to the findings above in which ____ was a factor in criminality; many Maori are of a low socio-economic status.

A

poverty

19
Q

While low socio-economic groups are over-policed when you add ethnicity that over-policing ____, with rates of police contact for Maori being 3 times high than for non-Maori.

A

increases

20
Q

It was also found that outcomes of criminal convictions showed that Maori received greater and more ____ sentences than non-Maori.

A

custodial

21
Q

What is happen to Maori in the criminal justice system is not just related to class and/or offending it is happening because they are ____.

A

Maori

22
Q

As a means to address these issues the focus has been placed on ____ rather than punitive justice, to help both the victim and the offender.

A

restorative justice

23
Q

Under this system of justice, the victim and the perpetrator are encouraged to meet under supervision and support, with a goal of ____ that may include recognition of offending, reparation and a community based and supported sentence.

A

conflict resolution

24
Q

One such method is the ____ that is used in the Youth Justice System.

A

Family Group Conference

25
Q

This emphasises ____ decision making, along with supporting and maintaining the family unit.

A

collective

26
Q

The offender must also acknowledge the ____ and seek to make reparation.

A

victim

27
Q

However, this approach, which is based on ____ teachings and beliefs, relies on a supportive and connected family, and an understanding and respect of commonly held values by the offender.

A

Maori

28
Q

Sadly, this is not the case with all offenders or families in the modern ____ era, due to family dissolution and little or no connection with traditional Maori culture.

A

disconnected

29
Q

That being said, there is evidence to support the use of such programs with 38% of ____ never reappearing after attending an FGC.

A

young offenders

30
Q

This evidence has shown that criminal offending and convictions in NZ are correlated with both ____.

A

class and ethnicity

31
Q

Those of a lower ____ are more likely to both commit crime and be apprehend for it.

A

socio-economic group

32
Q

They are more likely to be exposed to a law-breaking ____ and more likely to be targeted by police as a result.

A

social group

33
Q

Further, those of ____ decent are even more at risk just because they are Maori.

A

Maori