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Global Development > Globalisation > Flashcards

Globalisation Flashcards

1
Q

Define GLOBALISATION

A

Several connected changes which have made the lives of people around the world more interconnected

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2
Q

What are the three types of globalisation?

A
  1. Economic globalisation
  2. Political globalisation
  3. Cultural globalisation
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3
Q

What evidence is there for economic globalisation?

A
  • NIDL (Frobel et al) - structure is now between countries rather than domestic
  • Growth of TNCs (McDonaldisation)
  • Improved transport & better communications make global trade possible
  • Spread of capitalist free market/global financial markets
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4
Q

What is McDonalisation? (Ritzer)

A

A global process where institutions/businesses adopt a particular method for success

  1. Efficiency
  2. Calculability
  3. Predictability
  4. Control
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5
Q

What evidence is there for political globalisation?

A
  • global decision making: IGOs
  • NGOs & social movements (Youth Strike for Climate) now operate globally
  • spread of neoliberalism/liberal democracy (free elections & fewer dictators than democracies)
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6
Q

What evidence is there for cultural globalisation?

A
  • Worldwide media/communications
  • global patterns of consumerism
  • Cosmopolitan lifestyles
  • World Sport
  • World Tourism
  • Growth of Christianity/Islam
  • Dominance of the English Language
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7
Q

Are Neoliberals positive or negative globalists?

A

POSITIVE - they see it as a good thing because it extends the free markets, liberal democracy and ‘trickle down’ equality (E.g India & China are growing because of capitalism Vs Africa which is still struggling)

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8
Q

What is the Neoliberal view of globalisation?

A
  • It creates a ‘new world order’
    - Capitalism replaces other religious/philosophical
    movements
    - represents desirable progress (ensures peace &
    only winners after a period of time)
  • Encourages cultural globalisation
    - if the world & the market are ‘free’ then there will
    eventually only be one culture (a dominant superior
    Western one)
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9
Q

Are Radicals positive or negative globalists?

A

NEGATIVE - they highlight issues in DT & WST as the pitfalls of globalisation (impoverished many & bad for the environment)

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10
Q

What theories are Radicals influenced by?

A

WST & DT (Conflict theories)

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11
Q

What is the Radical view of globalisation?

A
  • serves to increase inequality by making businesses more profitable through exploitative & disingenuous practices
    • ‘structural violence’ money is used to subjugate
      people in place of guns (Galtung, 1969)
  • Cultural Imperialism leads to cultural homogenisation
    • diminishes different culture & values & traditions
  • TNCs & IGOs are the new empire builders
    • the ‘new world order’ is disorder as the South cannot
      be safe & secure as long as the West is wealthy
      because their prosperity is based on intensifying the
      others poverty
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12
Q

Are Transformationalists positive or negative globalists?

A

NEITHER - they are uncertain on the outcome of globalisation therefore, try to take an objective stance on the issue

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13
Q

What theory are Transformationalists influenced by?

A

POST-MODERNISM

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14
Q

What is the Transformationalist view on globalisation?

A

Cohen & Kennedy (2012)

  • globalisation may be unstoppable/slow/reverse
  • countries could reject some negative aspects and embrace the positives
  • Cultural HYBRIDISATION, not homogenisation
  • Reverse culture flows mean the developing world influence the West (white Rastafarians)
  • globalisation is transforming old hierarchies of North/South
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15
Q

How far has economic globalisation gone? (limitations)

A
  • It’s far from complete
  • Still many national companies that have clear singular bases
  • states do have less control over their economies, however, IGOs can still provide worker rights/human rights - limiting the power of TNCs
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16
Q

How do Hirst & Thompson (1999) criticise economic globalisation?

A
  • claim its a MYTH
  • Still at a stage where we are only outlining ideal types of an international economy
  • nation-states remain important & can control the direction of the world economy
  • Although there’s greater global economic activity, still no fully developed global economic system
17
Q

How far has political globalisation gone? (limitations)

A
  • dictatorships are still possible (e.g Zimbabwe’s Mugabe) & tolerated (e.g Saudi Arabia & USA)
  • Governments still make key decisions in driving development e.g war/taxes
  • Westernisation had led to extremist religious or national groups e.g Islamic fundamentalists - backlash
  • nations are increasingly leaving IGOs e.g Brexit
18
Q

What did McGrew (2004) argue in support of political globalisation?

A
  • the development of global decision making & diffusion of individual nation’s power
  • more global & international movements (e.g Youth Strike for Climate or BLM)

Nevertheless, political activities such as party membership & voting are declining in the North

^ problems increasingly require global & local change - politics is changing to reflect this

19
Q

What was the Transnational Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP)?

A

In 2016, there were secret negotiations between the EU & the USA concerning the reduction of the nation’s powers in controlling the activities of big businesses.

^ shifts power from governments to TNCs

20
Q

How far has cultural globalisation gone?

A
  • Americanisms (36,000 Maccies in more than 100 countries)
  • Cultural homogenisation (shared cultures e.g Western consumer items - Hello Kitty)
  • Reverse flow (Bollywood challenging Hollywood)
  • Migration (works both ways, shares culture e.g ethnic foods or practices like martial arts)
21
Q

Is cultural globalisation always accepted?

A
  • Some countries strongly oppose Western Values
    • turn to religious fundamentalism (Iran)
    • or Isolationism (North Korea)

(still proves globalisation exists)

22
Q

Who benefits from globalisation?

A
  • Neoliberals argue that, in the long run, everyone benefits (trickle down)
  • Radicals argue the ‘transnational capitalist class’ are the winners
  • Naomi Klien argues it’s the TNCs
23
Q

Who loses from globalisation?

A

Radicals argue that the negatives outweigh the positives:

  • failed to deliver peace & property & stability
  • Progress has been slow or non-existent for the ‘bottom billion’
  • consumerism has led to environmental problems

(LLEDCs & LEDCs are the losers basically)

24
Q

What did Cohen & Kennedy argue about global winners & losers?

A
  • globalisation has created ‘global winners’ (increased power & priveledges) and ‘global losers’ (those who have missed out)
25
Q

What two key issues does globalisation create?

A
  1. A growing gap between the rich/poor

2. Growing environmental issues due to increasing consumerism

26
Q

What is the anti-globalisation movement?

A
  • loosely organised a coalition of many groups from around the world
  • their movements gained sg media coverage but lacked coherence
  • in favour of decisions being taken locally rather than imposed by ‘experts’
  • against neoliberal globalisation
27
Q

What does globalisation look like today?

A
  • 9/11 set back optimism for globalisation (hostility towards the rich world)
  • (Kunstler, 2005) globalisation is coming to an inevitable end. Globalisation is the product of peace after the Cold War and cheap energy sources - these factors are fading
  • (Saul, 2004) IGOs are failing to have authority over developing countries. However, positive signs of more benign globalisation emerge as neoliberalism retreats.
  • Global recession of 2009 caused a slow down of globalisation as nations become worried about their own economies before everyone else’s

Global Development (4 decks)

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