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Global Development > Agencies of Development > Flashcards

Agencies of Development Flashcards

1
Q

What are the Agencies of Development?

A

States IGOs NGOs TNCs

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2
Q

Define STATES as an agency of development

A

Governments AND other institutions like the military, police, judicial/legal system, civil service

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3
Q

What is the NEOLIBERAL view of states as an agency of development?

A
  • Favour a small state & limited economic interference-free market capitalism
  • allow TNCs to be the driving force rather than states because they will make a profit

But…they do accept states have some responsibility in maintaining a stable & secure social situation (if a country can’t do this they’re ‘failed states’)

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4
Q

What view do DEPENDENCY THEORISTS hold of states as an agency of development? …evaluations?

A
  • internal, state-led development is VITAL
  • central state planning etc

^ Not always a good idea, state-led development led to China’s ‘great leap forward’ causing the largest famine in the world

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5
Q

Evaluations of the NEOLIBERAL perspective of states as an agency of development…

A

POSITIVE:

  • has led to decent growth rates over the last 40 yrs
  • rising living standards
  • has lifted nations out of poverty (Since 1990, 1.2 billion have been lifted out of poverty)

NEGATIVE:

  • widens inequality gap, ‘trickle down’ takes time
  • severely negative effects of the environment
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6
Q

What view do MODERNISATION THEORISTS hold of states as an agency of development?

A

Like Neoliberals but less intense
- there is some role for the state in development but
Capitalism should do most the work
- evident via the ‘Asian Tigers’ where some state
interference generated wealth

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7
Q

What is a ‘development state’? (Leftwich, 1995)

A

A state which focuses on development goals and works closely with the private sector (promotes growth)

^ China is following this approach

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8
Q

What is a ‘predatory state’? (Evans, 1989)

A

A state which exploits its people for the profit of elites with the support from rich countries & the World Bank (discourages growth)

^ Mobutu’s Zaire (now DRC)

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9
Q

What are TNCs?

A

Corporations that have globalised operations, they produce & sell around the world with global supply chains and global employment.

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10
Q

What do some sociologists argue about the relationship between TNCs and States?

A
  • As globalisation progresses, the power of TNCs will soon overtake that of states
  • most countries today have smaller economies than large TNCs
  • TNCs are quickly gaining enormous economic power
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11
Q

What are EPZs & why are they used?

A

EPZ = Export Planning Zones

^ Where TNCs can operate without restrictions

  • Developing countries use them to seek investment from TNCs & hope their presence has benefits even if it initially appears as exploitation
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12
Q

What is the MODERNISATION THEORISTS/NEOLIBERALS view of TNCs as an agency of development?

A
  • TNCs are essential for development
  • Introduce modern/Western values which kickstart the economy
  • although they have elements of exploitation the pain of Industrialisation is necessary
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13
Q

What is the DEPENDENCY THEORIST view of TNCs as an agency of development?

A
  • presence of TNCs intensify dependency because it prevents local industry from growing
  • ensures the country stays poor
  • weaken workers & strengthens capitalism
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14
Q

What are the negatives of TNCs?

A
  • The jobs created tend not to go to locals
  • Profits do not remain in the developing country, they’re exported to the West
  • Bio-piracy, TNCs are able to take traditional medicines, sources of food and make money from other resources as well as exploiting/ruining the environment
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15
Q

What are the positives of TNCs?

A
  • Brings in investment regarding terms of money, resources & technology
  • Because they need modern infrastructure, TNCs are often enough willing to pay for it
  • They provide opportunities for all, western values allow women to work (perhaps on a lower wage though)
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16
Q

Why are TNCs able to act in unethical ways?

A
  • Global economic influence (pressure states & IGOs)
  • parent-subsidiary relationship (subsidiary companies)
  • Regional economic influence (pressure governments)
  • No grounded legal system to prosecute them
  • No specified person or way to punish them
17
Q

What are NGOs?

A

Non-profit organisations set up by concerned citizens who pull together for humanitarian/charitable causes. Often funded by the general public or donors.

18
Q

Is the work of NGOs far-reaching?

A
  • the aid they provide is small in comparison to government aid
  • struggles to make a global difference, but has achieved national improvement

However…

  • INGOs have played a vital role in disaster relief (DEC coordinates fundraising)
  • Tend to respond quicker than IGOs (Medecines Sans Frontieres, Ebola outbreak))
19
Q

What did Edwards and Hulme (2013) argue about the growth of INGOs?

A

INGOs rapid growth have caused large organisation which lose sight of their original idealism/lose touch with their roots

Also, they’re becoming closer with governments/other sources of funding

20
Q

What are the positives of INGOs?

A
  • smaller & more effective than states
  • continuity (aid will not be affected by elections etc)
  • not driven by profit
  • able & willing to take risks
21
Q

What are the negatives of INGOs?

A
  • may rely on government funding/work too closely with them
  • unclear accountability
  • inappropriate spending of funds
  • portrayal of people in developing countries as pity objects/victims
  • faith-based
  • too concerned with publicity/brand building
22
Q

What is the Global Civil Society?

A

A loose collection of INGOs, activist groups and others who all oppose globalisation/the spread of neoliberalism across the world

^ an anti-globalisation movement

23
Q

What are IGOs?

A

An organisation of countries that collect together to tackle/solve world problems

24
Q

What programmes/agencies does the UN provide for development?

A
  • UN Development Programme (produces the Human Development Report)
  • WHO
  • World Food Programme (WFP)
  • Food & Agriculture Organisation (FAO)
  • Office of the UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR)
25
Q

What is special about the EU?

A

It is the world’s largest aid donor

over $50 million given bilaterally or through EU institutions

26
Q

Which IGOs run the world economy?

A
  • IMF
  • World Bank
  • WTO
27
Q

What is the role of the IMF?

A

They currently behave as financial police for the countries in debt & give loans to countries willing to adopt their economic programme - SAPs

28
Q

What are the criticisms of the IMF’s role in development?

A
  • adheres strictly to neoliberal policies, despite lack of evidence of their effectiveness
  • It is unconcerned with the human effects of SAPs
  • It imposes the same conditions on all, regardless of the extent of development/resources
  • tends to deal with short term economic problems rather than longer-term development
  • It has failed to foresee economic crises
29
Q

What is the role of the World Bank?

A

Provides loans with low-interest rates & zero interest for the poorest countries

(mostly focused on poverty eradication recently)

30
Q

What are the criticisms of the World Bank?

A
  • In the past, it has been restricted to lending for specific projects e.g dams which were often inappropriate
  • It works closely with the IMF, so still associated with SAPs
31
Q

What is the WTO?

A

World Trade Organisation:

  • Aim = push neoliberal reforms in the area of trade.
  • no votes are taken & decisions are reached by consensus
  • decision making is, therefore, difficult and WTO talks often end without agreement
32
Q

What are the criticisms of the WTO?

A
  • Its decision making is undemocratic - in practice, poor countries are excluded from important discussions
  • It’s ineffective in making rich nations reduce subsidies & tariffs
  • It gives free trade priority over all other considerations, including sustainable development

Global Development (4 decks)

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