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A-level Geography > Global Systems (booklet 1) > Flashcards

Global Systems (booklet 1) Flashcards

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1
Q

Define globalisation

A

Globalisation is the increasing interconnectedness of people and places; or, increasing global flows of people, resources, capital and ideas.

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2
Q

What are the dimensions of globalisation?

A

Economic
Social
Political
Cultural

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3
Q

What is the economic dimension of globalisation?

A

Trade and aid

TNCs

CApital Flows

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4
Q

What are the social dimensions of globalisation?

A

Migration

Social Networks

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5
Q

What are the political dimensions of globalisation?

A

Trading groups

Global and governemntal institutions

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6
Q

What are the cultural dimensions of globalisation?

A

Westernisation

Global diffusion.

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7
Q

What are LDCs?

A

Least developed countries

Struggling with development due to a lack of resources - there is a barrier preventing devlopment.

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8
Q

What are LEDCs?

A

Less economically developed countries

Beginning to industrialise - starting to use the materials themselves e.g. trading them.

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9
Q

What are CPEs?

A

Centrally planned economies

Dictated by thestate. Not open to other countries ideas. Limited capitalism.

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10
Q

What are FCCs?

A

Former communist countries

Moving into democracy with varying success. Still lots of inequality and there are limited opportunities. E.g. Russia.

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11
Q

What are RICs/NEEs?

A

Recently industrialising countries/newly emerging economies

Really rapid industrialisation. Rural to urban migration. Range of wealth - there is a big difference between the rich and poor.

E.g. India

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12
Q

What are OPECs?

A

Organisation for petroleum exporting countries

Oil rich
Can be quite corrupt so money doesn’t filter down

E.g. Nigeria and Saudi Arabia.

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13
Q

What are NICs?

A

Newly industrialising countries

Developing from 60s and 70s
Better education and less inequality
E.g. China

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14
Q

What areMEDCs?HICs?

A

More economically developed countries/high income countries
Good healthcare and education
Less inequality and no corruption
E.g. UK and France.

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15
Q

What is the core-periphery model?

A

A developed core (an area of high economic growth) surrounded by a less developed periphery.
Patterns of early trading from 1500s onwards created a wealthy core and a poorer periphery.

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16
Q

What is a core in the core-periphery model?

A 
Core: North America,  Europe, Japan
Owns/consumes 80 percent of global goods and services 
Highest incomes
Decision-making power
Source of global investment
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17
Q

What is a periphery in the core-periphery model?

A

Periphery: most of Africa, parts of South and South East Asia and South America
Owns/consumes 20% of global goods and services
Low incomes (2.5 billion on less than $2 a day)
Make few decisions and provide little investment.

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18
Q

What is capital flow?

A

Movement of money between countries for the purpose of envestment, trade or production of goods/services.

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19
Q

What is foreign direct investment?

A

By TNCs into foreign businesses e.g. through buying shares.

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20
Q

What are repartriation profits?

A

TNCs take profit back to country where headquartered: economic leakage or loss on income.

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21
Q

What are remmitance paymets?

A

Transfer of money by foreign workers to family in home country (2nd most important source of income in developing countries)

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22
Q

Why has the flow of capital increased?

A

Deregulation of financial markets e.g. removing regulations such as fixed commission on trade.
Development of technology - cantrade through apps
Remittances - more people have the opportunity to move around
TNCs

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23
Q

WHy are labour flows less free flowing than capital flows?

A

Restrictions on immigration

Cost of transporting people

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24
Q

How might the flow of labour change in the future?

A

Increase as immigration might increase as it becomes easier.

25
Q

What is the flow of products?

A

Traditionally, primary products were traded between core countries, or from peripheral areas to the core. In the 20th century, secondary products were traded between core countries, as the production facilities and markets were alllocated in these regions.
In more recent decades, manufactured goods are increasingly produced in emerging economies, and exported to wealthier regions. The flows are becoming more global as wealth increases.

26
Q

Why have flows of products increased?

A

Transaction costs
Transport and time - costs reduced by the process of containerisation which has enables more complex and long distance flows of product.
Reduced tarriffs
Trading blocs

27
Q

What are flows of services?

A

Economic activities that are traded without production of material goods e.g. insurance services.

28
Q

Why have flows of services increased?

A

Better communication and the transfer of information
They can locate anywhere (footloose)
Advancing technology.

29
Q

How might flows change in the future?

A

Growing number of service conglomerates have emerged e.g. HSBC.
There has been a decentralisation of low level services from the developed to the developing world e.g. call centre operations in India due to low labour costs.

30
Q

What is the flow of information?

A

Flows of information are goverened by the movement of people through migration and by the speed of communication and data transfers. Business/research/new ideas have traditionally originated in core countries, as these are the historic centres of learning and business. Semi periphery countries are catching up and becoming sources of information.
Flows of cultural, language and music and fashion traditionally moved from the core countries to the periphery in a process of ‘westernisation’ in many areas. However, the migration of people from the periphery to the core has transferred culture, language, fashion etc in the opposite direction.

31
Q

Why have flows of ideas/information increased?

A

Improvements to global telephone networks
Mobile communication technology
Email and internet technology: large amounts of information can be exchanged instantly across the globe
Live media coverage on a global scale because of satellite technology.

32
Q

How might the flow of information change in the future?

A

Increase - Industries such as pharmaceuticals and computer technology need the exchange of ideas and flows of expertise to flourish.

33
Q

What is global marketing?

A

Marketing on a worldwide scale, reconcilling or taking commercial advantage of global operational differences, similarities and opportunities in order to meet global objectives.

34
Q

How has global marketing been encouraged?

A

Assembly and production in seperate locations.
Growth of TNCs
Growth of communication systems and advertising
Increased purchasing power in developing nations
Franchising of production.

35
Q

What are the patterns of production?

A

Food products and mined resources are dependent on the physical geography and/or climate. This means that the production of these goods does not change much.
Manufactured products will be made where there is available technology and an abundance of labour at the relevant skills for the product being created.

36
Q

What are the patterns of distribution?

A

Consumption patterns are the drivers of trade, and so distribution patterns are heavily influenced by this. Traditionally, low value goods have been manufactured in periphery/semi-periphery and exported to the core countries, and high value goods have been traded between core countries. As consumption patterns change this pattern is strating to change too.

37
Q

What is the global shift?

A

A change in the division of labour (periphery = source of raw materials and core=manufacturing) that took place from the 1950s onwards.

38
Q

What was the traditional division of labour?

A

All stages of manufacturing took place in MEDCs except sourcing of raw materials. Products were largely consumed in the country of origin I.e. little consumption in the periphery therefore limited trade or distribution.

39
Q

What was the first global shift?

A

TNCs began to move production to NICs, particularly Asian Tigers and to LEDCs (Bangladesh).

Labour-intensive garment industries.

40
Q

What was the second global shift?

A

Shift of heavy manufacturing such as cars and steel to NICs.

Consumption still concentrated in MEDCs, but distribution increases.

41
Q

What was the third global shift?

A

Shift of services e.g. financial/banking services from MEDCs to NICs e.g. growth of call centres in Bangladesh and India.

42
Q

What was the fourth global shift?

A

Shift of manufacturing from NICs to LEDCs e.g. The Scramble for Africa. This is because the NICs are now too expensive to locate to so they go down the continuum line.

43
Q

What are BRIC economies?

A

Brazil, Russia, India, China - sometimes South Africa.
Each BRIC has an annual GDP of more than one trillion dollars.
Competing with and often out performing the old core.
23.5% of global economy.
Economic growth of 6-10%

44
Q

What are MINT economies?

A

Mexico, Indonesia, Nigeria and Turkey. Have been outperforming BRIC economies (except China).

45
Q

What are the advantages for LEDCs/NICs as a result of the global shift?

A

More jobs/employment opportunities
Can start to develop their economies
Increased investment in infrastructure
Transfer of technology and skills
More spending in local economies (multiplier effect) - attraction of linked industries
Industrialisation (more value in exporting manufactured goods)
Greater share of world GDP.

46
Q

What are the disadvantages for LEDCs/NICs as a result of the global shift?

A

Workers are often exploited, working in bad conditions for little pay
Environmental cost (e.g. water/air pollution)
Widened-development gap
Rise in sweatshops.

47
Q

What are the advantages for MEDCs as a result of the global shift?

A

Source of cheap labour
Can start to develop a global brand
Cheap imports for consumers e.g. clothes
Creation of new consumers/markets in LEDCs
Lower production costs
Shift into service sector jobs (high pay, high skill).

48
Q

What are the disadvantages for MEDCs as a result of the global shift?

A

Loss of jobs due to factories being based elsewhere.
Deindustrialisation in MEDCs
Decline of old manufacturing areas.

49
Q

What is the KOF Index of Industrialisation?

A

The KOF Index of Globalisation is an index of the degree of globalisation of 122 countries. It is measured on a scale from 0.00 to 100.00.
It measures the economic, social and political dimensions of globalisation. It does not cover environmental globalisation.

50
Q

What are the three components of the KOF Index?

A

Economic globalisation - flow of trade, FDI, and portfolio investment.
Social globalisation - spread of ideas, information, images and people.
Political globalisation - a degree of political cooporation.

51
Q

What are the factors in globalisation?

A 
Developments in the financial system 
Developments in transport 
Development in security 
Development in communications 
Developments in management and information systems
Developments in trade agreement.
52
Q

How are developments in the financial system factors in Globalisation?

A

Deregulation of financial markets allowed arrangements for the removal or relaxing of barriers to movements of finance.
Since 1970 transnational flows of capital have increased drastically.
The deregulation of the City of London encouraged free market economies. TNCs are able to locate and establish in more countries.
Most flows are still between major financial districts e.g. London, New York and Tokyo.

53
Q

How are developments in transport factors in globalisation?

A

Containerisation - 90% of goods are traded this way - increased flows of goods because millions of goods could be transported on ships in large containers.
Increased size of aircraft
High speed rail networks

54
Q

How are developments in security factors of globalisation?

A

National borders have become more open to allow free movement of labour. This has led to security issues for the trading community such as anti-smuggling, supply chain security, anti-terrorism and bio-security.
In order to combat this:
- WCO have introduced initiatives to increase supply chain security. Shopping cargo in transit must be locked with tamper proof seals.
-C-TPAT focusses on improving the security of private companies supply chains. Encourages and speeds up trade as there are less vigorous customs checks.

55
Q

How are developments in communications factors of globalisation?

A

Changes in transport technology have run parallel with developments in communications technology. E.g. rail and ocean transport needed electric telegraph. Transport system relies on telecommunications technology.
Important in sectors whose function is to collect, transform and transmit information.
Development of satellite technology.
Transmission of data.
User costs have fallen for satellites.
Optical fibre cables.
TNCs can utilise these in order to increase flows of information.
Flows of services can also increase e.g. global telephone networks.

56
Q

How are developments in management and information systems factors of globalisation?

A

Globalisation has involved changes in the way that work and organisations are organised. This is often known as the shift from Fordism to Post-Fordism.
Now, different stages of the production process are located across different countries. This has been made possible due to new information technologies. e.g. production and distribution can be managed remotely thanks to free telecommunications and teleconferencing.

57
Q

What is Fordism?

A

Fordism involves the mass production of uniform goods on assembly lines. Companies such as Ford invested in their employees, providing them with secure, skilled, long-term, well-paid jobs (so that they could become consumers).

58
Q

What is Post-Fordism/Neo-Fordism?

A

Fordism gave way to a leaner, more flexible and more global system of production.
Different stages of the production process are located across different countries. Key features of Post-Fordism are:
- Just-in-time technology where production is based on consumer demand
- EPZs are export processing zones in NICs or LEDCs where production costs are low.
- Flexible working e.g. employing temporary staff and zero-hour contracts.
- Outsourcing saves time and money by employing a third party to manufacture parts of your product.

59
Q

How are developments in trade agreements factors in globalisation?

A

The IMF, World Bank and WTOhave collectively worked towards a ‘free trade consensus’. The ‘Bretton Woods institutions have persuaded many developing countries to embrace free market economies and globalisation and adopt a ‘western model’ of trade.
National Governments have promoted the growth of trade blocs.

A-level Geography (12 decks)

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