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A-level Geography > Changing Places (Booklet Two) > Flashcards

Changing Places (Booklet Two) Flashcards

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1
Q

What is globalisation?

A

Globalisation is the increasing interconectedness of people and places, or increasing global flows of people, resources, capital and ideas.

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2
Q

What are the impacts of globalisation on places?

A 
Westernisation
More jobs
Exploitation
Increased flows of people
Increased flows of information
Placelessness and clone towns
Increased tourism can lead to a lack of community
Increased infrastructure
Diverse and multi-cultural societies.
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3
Q

What are some responses to globalisation?

A

Glocalisation
Transition Town Movement - tackles issues such as a loss of community
Mercia
Montmarte

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4
Q

What is migration?

A

The permanent resettlement by an individual or group.

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5
Q

What is the role of migration in shaping places?

A

Shapes the racial, ethnic and linguistic populations of place e.g. groups from developing countries moving to the industrialised nations.
Diverse culture
Internal migrations - movement from rural to urban areas - leads to urban growth, particularly in developing nations.

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6
Q

What are the positive impacts of immigration on a place?

A

Dependancy ratio goes down with the influx of working ages people
Migrants brings with them new food, fashion and music creating a multi-cultural society.
Migrants fill gaps in the labour market e.g. agricultural work
Migrants contribute to social resources by working in healthcare.

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7
Q

What are the negative impacts of immigration on place?

A

Can lead to a gender imbalance in the population with an influx of working-age men.
Increase in birthrate.
There may be religious conflict e.g. building mosques in UK cities.
Migrants willing to work for little money depress wages
Pressure on healthcare and schools

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8
Q

What are the positive impacts of emigration on places?

A

Can be beneficial for overpopulated areas
Can leave behind a stronger cultural identity
Migrants send home money in the form of remittances.
Less pressure on health and education resources, as well as food, energy, water and housing.

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9
Q

What are the negative impacts of emigration on places?

A

Imbalance in population structure due to loss of younger, working aged people.
Can lead to a loss of cultural vibrancy.
‘Brain drain’ due to loss of workers.

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10
Q

How was the LES presented in Miguel Pinero’s poem about the LES?

A

Violent, vibrant, criminal, home - gritty but he was proud to call it his home

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11
Q

How does the Air BNB guide depict the LES?

A 
Fashionable
Hip
Vibrant
Known for: art gallery, boutique, nightlife 
Trendy bars and lounges 
Eclectic
Historic routes   
Artistic routes
Boutique
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12
Q

What was LES like before the 1840s?

A

Before 65the 1840s LES consisted of 2 farms - agricultural.

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13
Q

How did the population of the LES change between the 1840s and 1870s?

A

Irish immigrants came to LES due to potato famine. Influx of germans too due to economic conditions - most left by 1970s.

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14
Q

Why has the LES been a traditionally Jewish part of NY?

A

A pogrom (violent riot with the intention of a massacre) instigated by the Russian Empire caused nearly 2 million Jews to flee to America.

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15
Q

How did the Jewish immigrants transform the built environment of the LES?

A

Overcrowded tenement buildings were built
Built synogogs and religious schools
Many shop fronts doubled as synogogs.

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16
Q

In the 1900s what industry dominated the LES?

A

The garment industry, sweatshops, wokring up to 15 hours per day, child labour.
1911 strikes began.

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17
Q

How did slum clearance in the 1930s change the LES?

A

Tore down many tenements in the area and replaced them with new, public, affordable housing.

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18
Q

How did the population of the LES change in the 1950s and 1960s.

A

Beatnik’s moved in, then hippies and punks creating a new East Village where poverty and creativity lived side by side.
1965 - immigration quotas abolished and a fresh new wave of immigration began - this time from China.
Today, around 50% of LES is made up of Chinese residents.

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19
Q

What % of the LES are Asian?

A

24.9%

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20
Q

What % of the LES are Hispanic?

A

29.6%

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21
Q

What % of people in the LES speak English only?

A

39.7%

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22
Q

What % of the housing in the LES is renter occupied?

A

82.2%

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23
Q

What is the population density of the LES?

A

82 422 people per square mile. (27 714 in LES).

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24
Q

What is Gentrification?

A

An urban process where there is an in-movement by individuals into older housing that was in a bad state and physically improving it. It occurs through individuals upgrading their properties, which then leads to others moving in to do the same. Involves a flow of people, investment and ideas into the inner city.

25
Q

What is pioneer gentrification?

A

Individuals buying a “fixer upper” and doing the work themselves

  • regeneration of housing
  • construction e.g. loft conversion
  • demolition of older properties
26
Q

What is mature gentrification?

A

high earners

  • arrival of upmarket boutiques
  • estate agents
  • growth of art spaces
  • improved public transport
27
Q

What is super gentrification?

A

fuelled by wealthy foreign investors and city houses.

28
Q

What are the negative demographic effects of gentrification?

A 
Young generation can no longer afford to stay in an area so move out. 
Displacement of residents -  cannot afford to live there anymore
White middle class people moving in - racial discrimination
29
Q

What are the positive economic effects of gentrification?

A

Boosts for city tax revenues - local council have more money to spend
Increase in property value is good for home owners
High earners to spend money on business

30
Q

What are the negative economic effects of gentrification?

A

Sharp increase in rent that could lead to eviction or inability to stay in the area
Shops may be replaced by more upmarket stores

31
Q

What are the positive social effects of gentrification?

A

Improved local services and the physical environment

32
Q

What are the negative social impacts of gentrification?

A

Displaces existing poorer residents
High rent means that future generations cannot stay in the area.
Incoming, rich owners take a greater proportion of council spending as they lobby issues relating to their own needs.

33
Q

Why were students and members of alternative cultures originally attracted to the LES?

A

The areas cheap rent and gritty character. It was a ‘hip’ place to live.

34
Q

Give an example of someone who has benefited from gentrification in the LES?

A 
Mr Misrahi (local businessman) 
He hoped to resurect the bargain shopping culture established by Jewish immigrants. Instead he advertised to fill 18 vacant store fronts to promote the night life business. Since this, hotels, condomonian towers and boutiques. Fostered an atrsy cuture for economic development.
35
Q

What is an agent of change?

A

Individuals or groups that drive change in a place either intentionally or unintentionally.

36
Q

How is the EU an agent of change in European places?

A

Many rural, declining areas in the UK have benefited from EU finding which has helped them to build infrastructure such as roads, railways, schools and sports facilities. This has created jobs, improved educational opportunities, encouraged further investment and rejuvenated communities.

37
Q

Give some examples of agents of change

A 
Trade blocs
Governments
TNCs
Charities/NGOs
Developers
National Institutions
Media
Travel companies
Community organisations
Development corporations
Campaign groups
Demographic groups
38
Q

Why did Detroit experience rapid economic growth in the 19th century?

A

Automobile manufacturing.
Boom due to its location and physical geography.
As a result of its industrial growth - and growth of the surrounding region - it was part of what became known as the Steel Belt.

39
Q

What endogenous factors contributed to Detroit’s economic boom?

A

Connections to the USA and Canada
Good transport links
Lots of major steel link areas.
Great Lakes that connect to the Atlantic Ocean.

40
Q

What happened to Detroit in the middle of the 20th Century?

A

Economic growth began to slow down and since has experienced dramatic deindustrialisation. As a result of this economic and urban decline, the steel belt, once the manufacturing hub of the US, became known as the Rust Belt.

41
Q

Briefly outline Detroit’s history?

A

1914-1990s immigration of Europeans
Development of Fordism - technologically advanced labour, intensive and highly productive
1950 - 1 in 6 Americans were employed by the automobile industry - Detroit was the epicentre
1948-1967 - restructuring of auto mobile industry - moved production to suburbans and small towns - loss of 130000 manufacturing jobs.
1960s - Suburbanisation of white population and immigration of African Americans - The ‘Great Migration@ driven by racism in the Southern States.
1970s - competition from Japan and Germany - deindustrialisation
2013 - Detroit filed for bankrupty.

Competition and fuel insecurity - Honda, Toyota and Nissan produced more desireable models, causing Detroit to sufer a decline - fall in taxes = less investment.

42
Q

Describe the reindustrialisation of Detroit

A

Ford - zero waste sustanability 50% annual energy use reduction
Appeal to future job markets
Double the number of employees in the area.
Replacing decaying lots with luxery homes, office and retail buildings
700 000 ft sqaured design centre
Relocate 30 000 Ford employees into 2 main companies.
Makes the lives of employees better.

43
Q

What is branding?

A

The perception that consumers hold in their head about your company and/or product
Creating the desired perception

44
Q

What makes a successful brand?

A 
Global
Transparent
Profit
Awareness public profile
Public data
Consistancy 
Knowledge
Exposure
Uniqueness.
45
Q

What is an urban brand?

A

An urban brand is the idea that places can be branded. It is done by using something unique about a place - historical figures, landmarks, physical geography.

46
Q

What is Barcelona Inspires?

A

An example of an urban brand. The city wants to improve the perception of the inner city: The Raval wants a more cohesive image without loosing its identity.
‘Barcelona Global’ - private association made up by companies who sought to improve Barcelona.
The 1922 Barcelona Summer Olympics were a game changer - pushed for the transformation of the city.
Still not yet recognised for its business, knowledge and entrepeneurship.

47
Q

Give some examples of Urban Brands

A

Love Valencia
I amsterdam
I <3 NY

48
Q

What are the aims of urban rebranding?

A

re-vive a pre-existing but outdated place image
change a poor pre-existing place image
differentiate an area from another place
highlight changes in the character or the activities of an area.
associate a place with an international event e.g. Olympics.
helps create pride in your city
promotion of the urban area as a product
to attract new investment, tourists and residents.

49
Q

What are corporate bodies and what role do they play in branding?

A

Insititutions, businesses, non-profit enterprises and government agencies.
Some will have interest in a place but some will want to manipulate perceptions of place e.g. tourist agencies want to sell places.
Aim to make a place look as good as possible to attract lots of people.
“Fall in love again” - Railway advert for Torquay to get people to use their services.

50
Q

What are community and local groups and what role do they play in branding?

A

Take an active role in managing and improving the perception of their place to attract investment and improve opportunities and services within the area.
Regeneration and rebranding strategies to involve local people, since they have an ‘insider’ experience of the place.

51
Q

How might who is responsible for branding affect how successful and well received the brand is?

A

Insiders involved in planning may have greater respect from residents as they know the area well. (community and local groups)
Outsiders may be received as trying to make money, without caring about the residents.

52
Q

What is rebranding?

A

re-developed and marketed to gain a new identity. Attract new investors and visitors. May involve re-imaging and regeneration.

53
Q

What is re-imaging?

A

Remodelling of areas to counter negative perceptions and provide ‘post-industrial’ functions.

54
Q

What is regeneration?

A

Long term process involving social, economic and physical action to reverse, decline and create sustainable communities.

55
Q

Give an example of rebranding in London?

A

Historic London districts being rebranded as Midtown.
Facing rebrand by local businesses. Inmidtown represents the interests of more than 450 local businesses and hopes to raise the profile of the area.
Some residents campaiging for change -wnt to change West Hampstead Tube station to East Kilburn.
Bloomsbury to Midtown.

56
Q

Why might rebranding be meeted with resistance by some residents?

A

Without a thorough understanding of place, one would find it difficult to regenerate and rebrand a place.
It is challenging to satisfy all the stakeholders e.g. residents, businesses, investors, home-owners and governments.
Local residents often want to protect and project their local distinctiveness whilst developers seek to establish place brands based on government incentives, technology and international links.
Some city regeneration schemes have driven out locals, as rising rents have favoured more affluent people.

57
Q

Discuss the regenerating of Glasgow

A

Centre for trade and industry due to the River Clyde.
100 000 populaion in 1801 grew to 1.1 million in 1941 due to the industrial revolution.
Decline in 1970s as the ship yard closed. = jobs lost, urban decay, unemployment, people left, derelict land.
Local authority want to change city’s image = re-imaging.
-cultural centre, Kehrin Grove Art gallery 3 million visitors per year.
-retail centre 1/4 of all jobs in the city centre, largest concentration of jobs outside of London, attracting new businesses
- 60000 new jobs since 1998.
The Gorbals housing, tenement blocks 7 people per m*2, became run down.
Developed a new high street
Residents input so they felt involved.
Crime rate has fallen, people want to participate in community politics.

58
Q

Describe the Glasgow’s Miles Better Scheme.

A

Reason for rebranding: the decline of traditional industries and depopulation (20% drop).
Used an idea similar to the I <3NY scheme
Used the International Garden festival
Permanent changes in attitudes towards Glasgow
Changed media perception of the city, make new economic decisions so get investment and employment
Turned the economy around
Become a European city of culture.

59
Q

Describe the Glasgow Scotland with Style Scheme.

A

Aimed to create 1000 jobs and attract 42 million pounds of investment, to project a new and confident image on world stage.
Cutting-edge lifestyle concept aimed at style setters in London and beyond.
Success:
2.8 million visitors per year generating 700 million pounds for the local enconomy.
Increase in conference bookings
Multiple marketing awards
Multiple city events e.g. UEFA Cup Final in 2007. UK’s largest city brand.

A-level Geography (12 decks)

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