Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Geography > global systems and global governance > Flashcards

global systems and global governance Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
U.S. Geography flashcards World Geography flashcards
1
Q

define globalisation

A

process by which nation economies, societies and cultures have become increasingly integrated, through trade, communications, transport and immigration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

how can globalisation be measured

A

KOF index measures social, political and economic dimensions
- countries rated between 0-100
- most globalised are Switzerland, Belgium, Netherlands and UK (mainly europe)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

dimensions of globalisation

A
  • economic- increase in free trade, growth of TNCs, faster and cheaper transport, global marketing
  • cultural- westernisation, cultural diffusion, migration, global communication
  • social- migration, social networks, exchange of ideas
  • political- trading groups, global institutions, NGOs, growth of Western democracies
  • environmental- green campaigns, global commons
  • health- medical advances, pandemics, pharmaceuticals
  • technology- higher productivity, communication
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what are the factors of production

A

land- natural resources
labour- human resources of a workforce to produce goods and services
capital- investment
enterprise- human capital

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

define flows of capital

A

any physical resource that can be regarded as a manmade aid for production

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

define core areas

A

economically important and affect investment/capital and people

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

define periphery areas

A

power and many experience exploitation and leakage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

different ways flows of capital operates

A
  • foreign direct investment- investment by TNCs like setting up subsidiary companies or through mergers
  • repatriation of profits- TNCs invest in overseas production and profit made will be sent back to home country
  • aid- provided through UN or made directly from richer countries (ODA)
  • migration- poorer to rich countries, but nations may lose more of their skilled labour
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

define flows of labour

A

movement of people

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

flows of labour patterns globally

A
  • africa has the most movement, either within its own continent or to europe
  • largest inter regional flow between south and west asia (3 million between 2010-2015)
  • most latin america go to north america
  • most migration is over short distance
  • higher skilled people can afford to go to more developed countries
  • north america and europe tend not to leave
  • movement in europe due to EU- 700,000 from poland to UK
  • UAE had 5th largest international migrant stock in the world, composing 90% of their workforce
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

features of flows of products

A
  • facilitated by reduction in costs of trade like tariffs and transaction costs
  • containerisation has made it easier
  • world trade organisation encouraged tariffs to stay low
  • regional trading blocs- tariff free
  • air travel makes it quicker
  • low labour costs abroad meant goods have relocated- dyson moved to malaysia in 2002
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

features of flow of services

A
  • high level (businesses like finance) vs low level ( for customers like travel and tourism)
  • service industries are footloose- operate anywhere
  • high level services are concentrated in more developed areas but now also in east asian economies like hong kong
  • conglomerates- HSBC has smaller companies in banking, insurance, travel
  • decentralisation of low level services to developing world like call centres- outsourcing
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

features of flow of information

A
  • influence by movement of people
  • transfer cultural ideas, language, industrial technology
  • digitalisation and satellite technology- global phone networks, internet, media
  • help expand knowledge like pharmaceuticals and business services
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

define and features of global marketing

A

advertising and selling goods/services across one single market
- brands should make the same product that can be used globally through economies of scale- save money
- markets can be adopted to regional markets (globalisation) e.g mcdonald’s
- coca cola- same bottle design, same taste

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

global patterns of production

A
  • production has decentralised since 1954, where 95% of manufacturing was located in western europe and north america
  • FDI by TNC’s meant production relocated overseas to lower wage economies- global shift
  • TNC’s can also transfer technology which have allowed developing countries to improve the productivity of manufacturing
  • growing economies in middle east are becoming more prominent in oil exploitation
  • china, india and turkey are biggest exporters of textiles and clothes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

global patterns of distribution

A
  • manufactured goods are not versatile and far reaching due to advances in transport and communication
  • transport time and costs have fallen
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

global patterns of consumption

A
  • mainly in developed economies
  • major trend in growing middle class countries like BRIC’s and MINT’s
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

factors contributing to globalisation

A
  • communications and technology
  • financial systems
  • transport systems
  • security systems
  • management and information systems
  • trade agreements
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

factors contributing to globalisation communications and technology

A
  • development of internet
  • 7 billion mobile phones users
  • computerised logistics systems
  • services like call centres can be outsourced
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

factors contributing to globalisation financial systems

A
  • financially integrated due to financial deregulation
  • regulatory bodies like international monetary fund
  • high speed electronic transmission systems and global exchange connectivity means fewer concerns about exchange rates
  • banks are global institutions
  • communication technology has allowed for more informed decisions in terms of stocks and money
  • global banking crisis in 2008-2009- due to free movement of capital
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

factors contributing to globalisation transport systems

A
  • containerisation- shipped quicker and in larger quantities
  • increased size of aircraft
  • high speed rail networks- can link urban and rural China
  • dry ports- located inland and near to their business, Pakistan has 6 inland dry ports where goods are deposited by producers before being sent to the port
  • flights are now cheaper, due to privatisation, and there is more chance
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

factors contributing to globalisation security systems

A
  • terrorism security measures
  • checking food imports
  • bio security- checking for harmful organism and transmission of diseases, COVID test passes
  • cyber crime- breach of information
  • 9/11 has increased border control
  • can work together like NATO to deter threats
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

factors contributing to globalisation management and information systems

A
  • global companies have invested in large production and global marketing- economies of scale
  • global value chains- different production stages are in different countries
  • enabled through information systems and allows for telecommunications and integrated IT management
  • just in time (JIT) systems are more efficient by ensuring the correct quantities are available on time to avoid goods being held in stock
  • global corporations focus on outsourcing non strategic activities
  • rapid growth of logistics and distribution
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what is a trading bloc

A

group that encourages free trade between member countries without incurring tariffs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

define free trade area

A

trade barriers between countries are eliminated but each member maintains its own tariffs against non member countries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

define custom union

A

trade agreement with common external tariff to non member countries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

define common market

A

trade agreement as well as free flow of goods, services and people

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

define economic/monetary union

A

operate as a common market with added integration of a common currency (EU)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

advantages of trading blocs

A
  • economic development
  • intergovernmental support
  • freedom of movement
  • easier negotiation of trade with other trading groups
  • open borders for sharing technology
  • representation as group in world affairs
  • created jobs- 3 million directly related to EU in 2011
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

disadvantages of trading blocs

A
  • lack of access by poorer nations
  • trade disputes arising over tariffs and changes
  • border and customs authorities face corruption
  • loss of sovereignty and pressure to adopt central legislation- ECHR
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

features of USMCA

A
  • signed by USA, Canada, mexico
  • remove all trade barriers, increase investment opportunities and improve economic co-operation
  • renegotiated under trump
  • USMCA now includes necessity for cars to have at least 75% of components from any member state
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

advantages of USMCA

A
  • trade between members have quadrupled
  • FDI has tripled
  • consumer prices in US lowered
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

disadvantages of USMCA

A
  • blue collar jobs lost in UK like automotive sector
  • many mexican farmers went out of business as they couldn’t compete
  • environmental impacts- exploit mexican environment
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

features of ACFTA

A
  • free trade within africa
  • life 30 million of africas extremely poor from poverty
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

features of EU

A
  • 27 members
  • free movement of people, goods, services and capital
  • single currency euro adopted by 20 members
  • uniform product labour and environment regulation
  • political globalisation- parliament, ECJ, different institutions
  • promote peace
  • help negotiate treaties
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

economic interdependence

A
  • trade- countries rely on other countries to supply their needs
  • advances in technology- innovation
  • employment
  • international economic migration- 2019, 20% total population were international migrants
  • TNCs and investment- outsourcing
  • supply chains
  • industrialisation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

political interdependence

A
  • IGOs- international monetary fund, WTO, world bank, UN
  • security and stability
  • world peace- “golden arches” theory where countries with mcdonald’s will not go to war due to similar cultures
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

social interdependence

A
  • health- WHO, share of vaccines
  • education- foreign exchange
  • culture- social ties through migration, indian diaspora in UK
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

environmental interdependence

A
  • global commons- shared resources, oceans, antarctica
  • climate change- paris agreement
  • unsustainable practices- air pollution, deforestation can affect on global scale
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

functions of world bank

A
  • support structure of worlds financial order by regulating the flow of capital
  • established after WW2 to steady the global economy and provide financial stability
  • help developing countries develop and reduce poverty
  • provide long terms investment loans for development projects through IBRD
  • encourages and advises start up enterprises
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

what has the world bank done

A
  • set two goals- end extreme poverty by decreasing those living on less than $1.90 a day and promote shared prosperity by fostering income growth of bottom 40%
  • 45 countries pledges $25.1 billion in aid for the worlds poorest countries
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

criticism of the world bank

A
  • criticised for free market reform being harmful
  • run by a small number of economically powerful countries
  • dual role of also being a political organisation
  • funding top down projects- corruption
  • loans are conditional and exposed to exploitation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

functions of IMF

A
  • regulator of financial flows and stabiliser for the system
  • promotes exchange stability
  • bail out loans to resolve problems
  • offers financial assistance
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

criticism of IMF

A
  • severely cut spending in developing countries
  • borrowing country has to pay back rescue loan back at high interest loans
  • lack of concern for democracy or human rights
  • slow to react to crisis situations
  • loans are conditional and exposed to exploitation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

functions of WTO

A
  • facilitating international trade
  • provides stability
  • encouraging removal of barriers and promotes trading blocs
  • resolve trading disputes- EY and Latin America on bananas
  • holds talks to reach multilateral agreements
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

what has the WTO done

A
  • doha development round- reforming trade in agricultural produce
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

criticism of WTO

A
  • pursue an agenda driven by business interstate
  • rules undermine sovereignty
  • leading world economies are members
  • negotiations are slow
  • disagreement between HDEs and developing economies- USA, China and India won’t compromise tariffs, emerging economies insist on large cuts in subsidies paid to US + EU
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

positives of unequal flows of people

A
  • reduces unemployment and labour shortages- 44% of cleaning jobs in london taken by migrants
  • reduces inequality as foreign workers earn more
  • remittances sent back
  • migrants pay taxes and spend money
  • multiculturalism
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

negatives of unequal flows of people

A
  • developing countries losing young and talented workers- brian drain
  • over dependent on remittances- 2009 Estonia economy shrank by 13% due to loss of construction jobs in UK
  • strain in health and education services
  • ethnic and cultural conflict
  • injustice- thousands of migrants died building facilities in Qatar for world cup
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

positives of unequal flows of money

A
  • remittances
  • loans from world bank to fund projects and improve services
  • investment from TNCs raise incomes and reduce poverty
  • aid can help LICs
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

negatives of unequal flows of money

A
  • leakages from TNCs
  • TNCs put pressure on governments to alleviate issues
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

positives of unequal flows of ideas

A
  • privatisation can lower consumer prices
  • free trade can attract investment
  • multiculturalism allows integration into global economy
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

negatives of unequal flows of ideas

A
  • deregulation can lead to social injustices and environmental degradation
  • LDEs can be outcompeted by free trade
  • undermine sovereignty
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

positives of unequal flows of technology

A
  • information and data flows- access to internet
  • labour saving tech
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

negatives of unequal flows of technology

A
  • technology is inaccessible to developing countries
  • hard for LICs to outcompete with lack of technology
  • robots and AI can put people out of work
56
Q

explain lorenz curve

A

trends of inequality between income shared cumulatively and individually

57
Q

explain gini coefficient

A
  • provides a number between 0 and 1 where 0 means wealth is divided among the population and 1 being all wealth goes to 1 person
  • coefficient above 0.4 means economy is destabilising
  • south africa and botswana highest
  • belgium and norway lowest
58
Q

inequality between countries

A
  • globalisation is reducing inequality through transfer of capital
  • poor countries still lag behind
  • many developing countries are rapidly growing (9.27% in Ethiopia)
59
Q

inequality within countries

A
  • advances countries inequality has worsened
  • china share of bottom 50% and top 1% has widened
60
Q

what are unequal power relations

A

developed countries wield more power, allowing them to steer global systems
- can lead to geopolitical events like territorial events (israel vs palestine), exploration rights and political allies

61
Q

russias annexation of crimea as an example of unequal power relations

A
  • crimea was once part of russia but was ceded to ukraine
  • 2014 revolution in ukraine during “euromaiden” political movement- demanded closer ties with EU
  • putin wanted to keep sevastopol (naval port in crimea) and safeguard russian population there
  • 114 UN member states do not recognise the annexation
  • russia was suspended from G8
  • EU and US imposed trade sanctions on russia
62
Q

climate change as an example of unequal power relations

A
  • many of the biggest contributors are the richest countries, who are reluctant to agree to proposals to limit climate change
  • it is the poorest countries that are the most affected like tuvalu but find it difficult to influence other countries
63
Q

chinas power as an example of unequal power relations

A
  • investment in africa- extract raw materials and help invest in their infrastructure
  • development of the port of Mombusa in Kenya with a $14 billion road and bridge link to Nairobi and on to South Sudan’s oil fields
  • 1.5 million chinese now in africa
    -belt and road initiative (BRI)- building a network of roads and rail, china- pakistan corridor to give china more access to arabian sea, rail and road across central asia to help landlocked countries
64
Q

geopolitical concerns of rising china power

A
  • form of economic imperialism that gives china too much inch leverage
  • can expect some repayment from countries they are investing in, who may not be able to repay the debts
  • chinas claim to sovereignty of the south china sea
  • expanded military presence
65
Q

define comparative advantage

A

countries specialising in goods and services they excel at producing, and trade these for things they are not as good at producing (indian textiles vs british industry)

66
Q

define protectionism

A

protection from foreign competition through duties or quotas imposed on imports

67
Q

trends in volume and pattern of trade

A
  • free market ideas came at the end of 20th century
  • regional trade agreements (RTAs) emerged and WTO was introduced for free trade
  • G7 countries account for 50% of global trade
  • most intra-regional in europe
  • biggest inter-regional between asia to N america, asia pacific to europe
  • sub-saharan smallest intra regional
  • china is largest exporter of goods
68
Q

define import licenses

A

licenses issued by the government that allows certain goods to be imported freely from a specific source like military goods and technology

69
Q

define import quota

A

a limit on the quantity of a good imported into a country in a given period

70
Q

define subsidies

A

grants given to domestic producers to reduce their costs so they can compete with foreign goods like EU agricultural policy

71
Q

define sanctions

A

restriction on exports for political reasons to maintain international peace

72
Q

define embargo

A

government order that restricts exchange with a specific country or a specific good, usually due to political circumstances

73
Q

define regulatory

A

restriction on imports based on criteria like quality of standards

74
Q

trends in investment

A
  • in 2019, FDI inflows totalled $1.39 trillion
  • top FDI recipients are USA, China, Singapore and Brazil
  • top FDI recipients as % of GDP are congo, malta, guyana and HK
  • developed countries invest in emerging, but emerging also invest in less developed (China to Africa)
75
Q

reasons that attract FDI

A
  • manufacturing industries- outsourcing
  • natural resource development
  • financial business services
  • large and accessible consumer markets
  • lower business taxes like Ireland and Cyprus
76
Q

USA trading relationships

A
  • USMCA
  • trump aimed to pursue bilateral trade deals with 20 separate countries
  • trans-pacific partnership- trade deal between 12 countries in the pacific, 40% of worlds economic output
  • transatlantic trade and investment partnership- free trade between US and EU, aim to withdraw barriers for big businesses
77
Q

EU trading relationships

A
  • customs union
  • 27 members freely trade
  • external tariff barriers to countries outside
  • 65% trade intra-regional
  • canada-EU free trade agreement
  • anti free trade movements- like farmers in belgium and netherlands against cheap produce from US
78
Q

china trading relationships

A
  • 20% of all exports and 15% of all imports
  • import raw materials form developing countries, like latin america and africa
  • export cheap goods
  • belt and road intiative
79
Q

india trading agreements

A
  • food security is a crucial issue
  • success of green revolution
  • biggest population- young
  • top exports are petroleum and checmials
  • export to US, EU and UAE
80
Q

latin america trading agreements

A
  • mercosur- single market and customs union, mainly export raw materials, view EU+NA as main markets
  • pacific alliance- more open to bilateral agreements, see asia-pacific as main market
  • likelihood both groups will merge into a large free trade area
81
Q

sub saharan africa trading agreements

A
  • minimal intra-regional trade
  • mainly export raw materials
  • low skills and infrastructure
  • widespread corruption
  • main trading partner EU, and more now China
  • ACFTA- worlds largest free trade area, 54/55 african nations, 30 million will be lifted out of extreme poverty, $450B income by 2035
82
Q

fair trade trading agreement

A
  • goals to help producers in LDEs achieve better trading prices
  • coffee, tea, bananas
  • payment for higher prices and improve social and environmental standards
83
Q

define and features of SDTs

A

-formed by WTO
- for least developed countries to bypass developed countries’ tariffs
- profits made will support diversification into other industries
- Madagascar, Haiti, Nepal
- everything but arms agreement, EU and LDCs can trade anything duty free part from arms

84
Q

impacts of differential access to markets on economy

A

+ higher market access- economic growth
- mainly dependent on primary products with price fluctuations
- harder to establish new industries

85
Q

differential access to market social impacts

A

+ increases standard of living with higher market access
- lower quality of life
- low paid and unstable jobs

86
Q

structure of TNCs

A
  • headquarters in HICs
  • research and development can be found in different HICs depending on the markets they want to access
  • manufacturing found in LICs
87
Q

TNCs in primary sector

A
  • based wherever the resources are
  • tend to be in LICs
  • new technology has meant more resources available- fracking
88
Q

TNCs in secondary sector

A
  • south and southeast asia
  • low labour costs
  • work ethic- willing to work long hours
  • government incentives like tax breaks and enterprise zones
  • agglomeration- companies with similar industries locate near each other
89
Q

TNCs in tertiary sector

A
  • footloose
  • locate where labour is cheap, education is good, close to markets
  • langauge
90
Q

strategies with TNCs

A
  • rationalisation- replacing people with machines
  • reorganisation- improvements in production,administration and marketing
  • diversification- developing new products
  • horizontal integration- M+A, buying a similar company (kraft foods took over cadbury, and then later merged with Heinz)
  • vertical integration- buying a company before of after the same line of production (BP owns oil and gas fields, as well as refineries and services station)
91
Q

advantages of TNCs in host country

A
  • generates jobs and income
  • brings new technology
  • multiplier effect
  • diversification
  • improvement in services
92
Q

disadvantages of TNCs in host country

A
  • exploitation
  • environmental damage
  • leakage of profits
93
Q

advantages of TNCs in country of origin

A
  • cheaper goods
  • specialise in more developed fields- management, financial services
94
Q

disadvantages of TNCs for country of origin

A
  • deindustrialisation
  • de multiplier effect
  • unemployment
95
Q

features of apple as a TNC

A
  • US TNC that focuses on electronics
  • 6th largest TNC
  • 2019- 510 apple retail stores across 22 countries worldwide
  • grow in reputation for quality and they attract a market of brand loyal customers
  • largest IT company by revenue
96
Q

spatial organisation of apple

A
  • 5 data centres in US
  • HQ and research and design in California
  • european HQ in Ireland with 6,000 workers on iMac production line, online customer support and call centre
  • foxconn factory in shenzhen and zhengzhou assembly iphones and ipads
  • main products outsourced to Taiwan
97
Q

why does apple relocate to china

A
  • outsourcing is cheaper
  • large and young population
  • low production cost
98
Q

apple positive impacts on ireland

A
  • employs 6000 workers at hollyhill,cork
  • logistics hub enhances irelands reputation- over 100 jobs
  • 3000 jobs in ancillary work (business services)
  • apples presence attracted other high tech firms
  • multicultural- over 90 nationalities
  • inspiration for local education
  • infrastructural improvements
99
Q

apple negative impacts on ireland

A
  • not enough jobs for locals
100
Q

apple positive impacts on china

A
  • employs 1.3 million employees
101
Q

apple negative impacts on china

A
  • poor working conditions- 62 hrs a week and $300 per month
  • exposed to toxic chemicals- 50 workers poisoned in 2010
  • in 2017, student interns found to be working excessive hours
  • 2009-2010 - 10 suicides linked to foxconn
102
Q

apple environmental policies

A
  • 100% renewable energy and established its own company “apple energy” which is mainly solar energy
  • removed all PVC plastics and toxic chemicals
  • 55% reduction in CO2 emissions from 2015
103
Q

bananas impact on environment

A
  • susceptible to disease
  • most treated with chemicals
  • TNCs apply around 30kg of active ingredients per hectare
  • banana industry has largest agrochemical input into the environment after cotton
  • plantations cause deforestation, soil infertility and loss of biodiversity
104
Q

bananas as a product

A
  • 4th most important food product within LDCs
  • staple food for 500m people
105
Q

trading of bananas

A
  • most exports from Latin America and Caribbean- Costa Rica, Ecuador
  • important cash crop- although 80% are consumed locally and nationally
  • top 4 producers- india, china, indonesia and brazil- however consume most bananas
  • dominated by ACP (africa, caribbean and pacific) and “dollar producers” of latin america
  • largest importers are EU and USA
106
Q

importance of TNCs in banana trade

A
  • trade was dominated by 4 large TNCs- Chiquita, Dole, Del Monte, Fyttes
  • vertically integrated into the supply chain
  • 2002- 5 big companies controlled 70% of the market but fell to 45% in 201- companies have free themselves from the ownership of plantations in favour of guaranteed supply chains from farmers
  • costa rican farmers now sell to TNCs as distributors or straight to retailers
107
Q

banana trade wars

A
  • longest dispute of 20 years
  • 1975, EU negotiated a trade agreement with 71 countries that were former colonies- lome convention
  • given SDTs to supply EU market with APC group, which didn’t benefit other group or TNCs
  • 1997, WTO ordered EU to cease discrimination
108
Q

banana trade revenue

A
  • most internationally traded fruit- $15b revenue each year
  • 85% of price paid by the end consumer stays in the richer country
  • retailers take the most money
  • workers received 5-9% of total value of bananas
109
Q

farming of bananas

A
  • monoculture plantations
  • grown in rainy, lowland tropical regions
110
Q

where is the banana trade being relocated to and why

A
  • west africa
  • lower labour costs and weaker legislation
111
Q

banana fair trade

A
  • 90% of all fair trade bananas come from latin america
  • growing industry as consumers are more aware of environmental and social impacts
  • small scale farmers get a fairer price
112
Q

social positives of globalisation

A
  • greater sharing of ideas and lifestyles
  • globalisation- mcdonald’s
  • increased awareness of global news and trends
  • transfer of skills
  • improvements of living standards
113
Q

social negatives of globalisation

A
  • cultural tensions
  • exploitation of workforce
114
Q

economic positives of globalisation

A
  • growth in international economic migration like Philippines to UAE
  • medium income economies have developed rapidly as a result of inward investment
  • TNCs have grown
  • trade agreements- expand among developing countries
  • honda, nissan and toyota used UK as base for car production- led to cheaper imports of cars
  • lower priced goods
  • development of higher paying jobs
115
Q

economic negatives of globalisation

A
  • loss of traditional manufacturing jobs in developed countries
  • leakage of profits
  • over dependent
  • interdependence of economies- global financial crisis
  • trade wars and escalating tariffs
  • economic inequalities within countries
116
Q

environmental positives of globalisation

A
  • global agreements like Paris climate agreement
117
Q

environmental negatives of globalisation

A
  • hard for countries to come to conclusions and agreements- china and india not wanting to cut carbon emissions
  • ignores environmental issues like finite resources, pollution, waste
  • greater movement of invasive species and diseases
118
Q

political positives of globalisation

A
  • nations can work cooperatively
  • war stability as countries do not want to risk loss of resources due to interdependence
  • IGOs help maintain standards and keep peace
119
Q

political negatives of globalisation

A
  • rise of populism- Brexit, Trump’s “make america greater again”
  • western countries are over powerful , especially in IGOs
120
Q

what do hyperglobalists believe about globalisation

A

support globalisation and beliefs there is a single global markets supported by open networks and flows of goods, people and information

121
Q

what do sceptics believe about globalisation

A

free movement of goods leads to added protectionist measures and marginalise the poor

122
Q

what do transformationalists believe about globalisation

A

accept process of increasing globalisation but the role of governments is changing

123
Q

define global governance

A

the ways in which global affairs affecting the whole world are managed

124
Q

issues that global governance focus on

A
  • environment
  • trade
  • reduction of poverty
  • human rights
  • civil conflict
  • financial instability
125
Q

important actors in global governance

A
  • TNCs- enforce ethical codes of conduct
  • national governments- regulate TNCs
  • supranational bodies- EU+ WTO
  • consumers- making moral decisions
  • farmers- collective movements
  • NGOs- raise public awareness, Oxfam and Greenpeace
126
Q

methods in global governance

A
  • can help regulate global issues by enforcing sets of rules that have been agreed on
  • global systems are being reproduced to extend and strengthen developed countries’ reach, and make them more powerful
  • international law helps to bring countries together
  • norms are accepted standards of behaviour
127
Q

background of UN

A
  • founded in 1945
  • 193 member states
  • international peace, security and cooperation
128
Q

what’s are the 8 millennium development goals and evaluation

A

2000-2015
- eradicate extreme poverty, child mortality, combat HIV/AIDS
+ people living under $1.25 per day has halved
+ number of children not going to primary school has dropped by half
+ people receiving HIV treatment increased by 15x
- 9% of the world still in extreme poverty
- 1/6 cults are illiterate, 2/3 of them are women

129
Q

what are the 17 sustainable development goals

A

2015-2030
- sustainable cities and communities- 1.1 billion residents are in slums
- safe water- 2.2 billion lack safe drinking water
- conserve oceans and seas- against acidification, warming, plastic pollution
- sustainable economic growth- 1/4 young people are not in education or employment

130
Q

criticism of UN

A
  • limited by size as it is difficult to gain consensus from all members
  • concern that Africa lags behind
  • not binding
131
Q

define multi scalar power

A

ability to influence behaviour and attitudes through interactions at different scales

132
Q

what is agenda 21

A
  • summit in rio de janeiro in 1992
  • blueprints for sustainable development
  • non binding
  • 178 national governments signed up
  • social and economic issues
  • each local authority in UK is in line with UN objectives
133
Q

what is paris agreement 2015

A
  • ratified by nearly all national governments- Trump withdrew in 2020
  • keep global temperature rise below 2C above pre industrial levels
  • limit temperature increase to 1.5C
134
Q

what are operational NGOs

A

provide frontline support like Oxfam

135
Q

what are advocacy NGOs

A

raise awareness and gain support like Greenpeace

136
Q

positives of NGOs

A
  • raise awareness
  • protect human rights and provide essential supplies
  • politically and economically independent
  • less need for international agreements
  • influence governments to make changes
  • more accessible
137
Q

negatives of NGOs

A
  • rely on public donations and support
  • often require help from other organisations
  • no power to change laws

Geography (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions