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Geography > global systems and global governance > Flashcards

global systems and global governance Flashcards

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1
Q

define globalisation

A

process by which nation economies, societies and cultures have become increasingly integrated, through trade, communications, transport and immigration

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2
Q

how can globalisation be measured

A

KOF index measures social, political and economic dimensions
- countries rated between 0-100
- most globalised are Switzerland, Belgium, Netherlands and UK (mainly europe)

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3
Q

dimensions of globalisation

A
  • economic- increase in free trade, growth of TNCs, faster and cheaper transport, global marketing
  • cultural- westernisation, cultural diffusion, migration, global communication
  • social- migration, social networks, exchange of ideas
  • political- trading groups, global institutions, NGOs, growth of Western democracies
  • environmental- green campaigns, global commons
  • health- medical advances, pandemics, pharmaceuticals
  • technology- higher productivity, communication
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4
Q

what are the factors of production

A

land- natural resources
labour- human resources of a workforce to produce goods and services
capital- investment
enterprise- human capital

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5
Q

define flows of capital

A

any physical resource that can be regarded as a manmade aid for production

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6
Q

define core areas

A

economically important and affect investment/capital and people

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7
Q

define periphery areas

A

power and many experience exploitation and leakage

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8
Q

different ways flows of capital operates

A
  • foreign direct investment- investment by TNCs like setting up subsidiary companies or through mergers
  • repatriation of profits- TNCs invest in overseas production and profit made will be sent back to home country
  • aid- provided through UN or made directly from richer countries (ODA)
  • migration- poorer to rich countries, but nations may lose more of their skilled labour
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9
Q

define flows of labour

A

movement of people

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10
Q

flows of labour patterns globally

A
  • africa has the most movement, either within its own continent or to europe
  • largest inter regional flow between south and west asia (3 million between 2010-2015)
  • most latin america go to north america
  • most migration is over short distance
  • higher skilled people can afford to go to more developed countries
  • north america and europe tend not to leave
  • movement in europe due to EU- 700,000 from poland to UK
  • UAE had 5th largest international migrant stock in the world, composing 90% of their workforce
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11
Q

features of flows of products

A
  • facilitated by reduction in costs of trade like tariffs and transaction costs
  • containerisation has made it easier
  • world trade organisation encouraged tariffs to stay low
  • regional trading blocs- tariff free
  • air travel makes it quicker
  • low labour costs abroad meant goods have relocated- dyson moved to malaysia in 2002
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12
Q

features of flow of services

A
  • high level (businesses like finance) vs low level ( for customers like travel and tourism)
  • service industries are footloose- operate anywhere
  • high level services are concentrated in more developed areas but now also in east asian economies like hong kong
  • conglomerates- HSBC has smaller companies in banking, insurance, travel
  • decentralisation of low level services to developing world like call centres- outsourcing
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13
Q

features of flow of information

A
  • influence by movement of people
  • transfer cultural ideas, language, industrial technology
  • digitalisation and satellite technology- global phone networks, internet, media
  • help expand knowledge like pharmaceuticals and business services
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14
Q

define and features of global marketing

A

advertising and selling goods/services across one single market
- brands should make the same product that can be used globally through economies of scale- save money
- markets can be adopted to regional markets (globalisation) e.g mcdonald’s
- coca cola- same bottle design, same taste

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15
Q

global patterns of production

A
  • production has decentralised since 1954, where 95% of manufacturing was located in western europe and north america
  • FDI by TNC’s meant production relocated overseas to lower wage economies- global shift
  • TNC’s can also transfer technology which have allowed developing countries to improve the productivity of manufacturing
  • growing economies in middle east are becoming more prominent in oil exploitation
  • china, india and turkey are biggest exporters of textiles and clothes
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16
Q

global patterns of distribution

A
  • manufactured goods are not versatile and far reaching due to advances in transport and communication
  • transport time and costs have fallen
17
Q

global patterns of consumption

A
  • mainly in developed economies
  • major trend in growing middle class countries like BRIC’s and MINT’s
18
Q

factors contributing to globalisation

A
  • communications and technology
  • financial systems
  • transport systems
  • security systems
  • management and information systems
  • trade agreements
19
Q

factors contributing to globalisation communications and technology

A
  • development of internet
  • 7 billion mobile phones users
  • computerised logistics systems
  • services like call centres can be outsourced
20
Q

factors contributing to globalisation financial systems

A
  • financially integrated due to financial deregulation
  • regulatory bodies like international monetary fund
  • high speed electronic transmission systems and global exchange connectivity means fewer concerns about exchange rates
  • banks are global institutions
  • communication technology has allowed for more informed decisions in terms of stocks and money
  • global banking crisis in 2008-2009- due to free movement of capital
21
Q

factors contributing to globalisation transport systems

A
  • containerisation- shipped quicker and in larger quantities
  • increased size of aircraft
  • high speed rail networks- can link urban and rural China
  • dry ports- located inland and near to their business, Pakistan has 6 inland dry ports where goods are deposited by producers before being sent to the port
  • flights are now cheaper, due to privatisation, and there is more chance
22
Q

factors contributing to globalisation security systems

A
  • terrorism security measures
  • checking food imports
  • bio security- checking for harmful organism and transmission of diseases, COVID test passes
  • cyber crime- breach of information
  • 9/11 has increased border control
  • can work together like NATO to deter threats
23
Q

factors contributing to globalisation management and information systems

A
  • global companies have invested in large production and global marketing- economies of scale
  • global value chains- different production stages are in different countries
  • enabled through information systems and allows for telecommunications and integrated IT management
  • just in time (JIT) systems are more efficient by ensuring the correct quantities are available on time to avoid goods being held in stock
  • global corporations focus on outsourcing non strategic activities
  • rapid growth of logistics and distribution

Geography (6 decks)

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