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changing places Flashcards

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1
Q

define location

A

where it is in the map physically

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2
Q

define locale

A

locations associated with everyday activities and events that determine how you perceive and behave differently

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3
Q

define sense of place

A

subjective and emotional attachment to a place

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4
Q

how to define concept of a place

A

location
locale
sense of place

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5
Q

glastonbury as a place

A

location- in somerset
locale- glastonbury abbey and glastonbury tor
sense of place-spiritual importance, glastonbury music festival

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6
Q

theoretical approaches to place and definitions

A

descriptive- idea that the world is a set of places and each place can be studied and is distinct
social constructive approach- sees place as a set of social processes occurring at a particular time, changing over time
phenomenological approach- individual sense of place

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7
Q

social constructive approach trafalgar square

A
  • immediate traces- statue of admiral Lord Nelson
  • naval victory over french and spanish fleets in 1805
  • space of empire
  • in 1999, became centrepiece for some of the worlds most proactive contemporary public art
  • use for protest when rallying against the state
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8
Q

doreen massey theory about place

A
  • argues place is dynamic and not frozen in time
  • places does not have single identities
  • place are not enclosures with a clear inside and outside
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9
Q

jon anderson theory about place

A
  • places are given meaning by the traces that exist in time
  • either physical traces like building and monuments, or emotional traces like events
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10
Q

different scales of identity towards a place

A

localism- emotional ownership of a particular place (NIMBYism)
regionalism- consciousness and loyalty to a distinct region
nationalism- loyalty and devotion to a nation

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11
Q

define clone towns

A

settlements where the high street is dominated by chain stores

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12
Q

define homogenised places

A

global capitalism eroding local cultures and making identical places

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13
Q

define glocalisation and give examples

A

multinational companies adapting to local cultures to put within their products
- mcdonald’s in india removing beef burgers
- costa was set to open in Totnes in South Devon, but was protested against as the town supported independent high street stores so Costa dropped their plans

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14
Q

define endogenous factors

A

factors that orignate from inside the place

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15
Q

endogenous factors contributing to the character of places

A
  • land use- type of housing, building density
  • physical geography- relief, aspect, altitude
  • demographic- population size and structure
  • location- rural or urban
  • employment, education and income
  • heritage, religion and language
  • political situation and stability
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16
Q

define exogenous factors

A

factors originating from outside

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17
Q

exogenous factors contributing to the character of places

A
  • international migration and diasporas, which is a group of people with the same heritage settling together elsewhere in the world
  • “newcomers” can cause conflict and change the charter if the area- cities may be gentrified and new housing estates built
  • globalisation
  • deindustrialisation and unemployment
  • money and investment- trade deals and major deals like olympics in stratford
  • tourism- vegas characterised by their casinos
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18
Q

how does identity show the importance of a place

A
  • many people create their identity based on the places they feel connected to
  • localism, regionalism, nationalism
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19
Q

how does belonging show importance of place

A
  • community spirit
  • inclusivity regardless of age, gender, race, religion, sexuality etc
  • transition town movement- project to put emphasis on community involvement
  • due to migration and globalisation, places like London have become multicultural so more people feel like they belong
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20
Q

how does well being show importance of place

A
  • promoted through sociability, access, actives and image
  • 2020, Altrincham in greater manchester is the best place to live according to sunday times
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21
Q

define insiders and features of being one

A

someone who is familiar with a place and feels welcome
- feeling of belonging
- positive experience
- being able to contribute
- share similar features like age, gender, religion

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22
Q

define outsiders

A

someone who feels unwelcome or excluded

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23
Q

define near places

A

geographically near to where a person loves

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24
Q

define far places

A

geographically away from where a person loves

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25
Q

how has the perception of far places changed

A

globalisation means far places are not automatically strange or unfamiliar e.g travel technology, IT and media and staying connected to people from afar

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26
Q

define experienced places

A

an actual place a person has visited

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27
Q

define topophiloa

A

love of a place

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28
Q

define topophobia

A

hate of a place

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29
Q

define genius loci

A

spirit of a place

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30
Q

define media places

A

places that have only been seen through media

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31
Q

problems with media places

A
  • different to reality
  • rural idyll which makes it seem pristine and perfect when in reality it isn’t
  • perception of new york from friends
  • perception of england from bridgerton, or london from top boy
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32
Q

external forces driving change

A

government policies- regeneration schemes, financial incentives like enterprise zones
multinational companies- honda closed down its swindon factory to move production to china, japan and us, detroit and decline of car manufacturers
international global institutions- sustainable development goals, aid like World Bank running 24 development projects in Haiti
national government- immigration policies like Rwanda, policies on economy, population policies

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33
Q

define place meaning

A

individual or collective perceptions of place, which can have historical, cultural or spiritual significance
how someone feels is dependent on their experience

34
Q

belfast case study for place meaning

A
  • division between Catholics and Protestants with the troubles
  • graffiti in the walls of different conflicts globally
  • Titanic Quarter includes studios and more than 100 companies like Microsoft and HBO
  • city council wants to present it s a cultural place
  • in 2018, visitors spend 5.2 million nights and contributed £400 billion to local economy
35
Q

define place representation

A

how individuals and organisations portray places

36
Q

examples of place representation

A
  • individuals who are proud can present it to others in a positive way
  • tourism companies and local companies can present places positively in order to gain publicity and increase tourism
  • newspapers can focus on negative aspects to help sell more copies
  • # theafricathemedianevershowsyou- in 2015, individual activists and communities came together to challenge the images frequently associated with Africa
37
Q

define place memory

A

ability to make a past place come to life in the present though photos, artefacts and buildings
strongest in children as there is also emotional attachment

38
Q

devonport, plymouth case study on external forces driving change

A
  • originally a naval dockyard due to its location on the sheltered deep water harbour
  • in 1952, navy requisitioned Devonport town centre as a storage enclave so residents were displaced
  • new deal for communities initiative- provide funding to improve some of the most deprived areas
  • addressing crime, housing, education and health
  • naval wall removed
  • major redevelopment of docks announced in 2020 which will create 600 jobs
39
Q

medellin, columbia case study on external forces driving change

A
  • associated with drugs and violence
  • unemployment, crime and poverty spread after death of drug lord Pablo Escobar in 1993
  • divided city was able to integrate more
  • city’s poorest in Anura Valley can access economic centre with outdoor escalators and gondola system
  • metro plus bus transit system , tram
  • money invested into education and social programmes and public art and culture
  • however crime rates and gang violence remain high
40
Q

port sunlight, the wirral case study on external forces driving change

A
  • built entirely by the beliefs and ideals of William Hesketh Lever
  • built a new factory and village for his workers- provided them with high quality housing and amenities
  • now a conserved area with grade 2 listed buildings- Port Sunlight Village Trust
41
Q

define rebranding and features

A

creation of a new identity or image for a place to replace an identity that may have negative overtunes
- attract new investment and tourists
- “I Amsterdam” slogan and sign position in front of the city’s famous Rijksmuseum- successful destination brand on social media
- happens from inside
- needs to satisfy all stakeholders like local residents and investors
- “People Make Glasgow”

42
Q

define reimaging and example

A
  • disassociated a place from bad pre-existing images in relation to poor housing, social deprivation and high levels of crime
  • birmingham- previous image of high unemployment and deindustrialisation, but is now turned into new modern places like Brindleyplace
43
Q

define regeneration

A

long term process which involves redevelopment of the social economic and environmental aspects of a place

44
Q

stratford case study problems before regeneration

A
  • between 1951 and 1975, 40,000 jobs were lost
  • deindustrialisation- fridge mountain, polluted waterways, derelict warehouses
  • most deprived boroughs in London
  • 3.7% live in poverty
  • life expectancy 12 years lower than UK average
  • 9% unemployed
45
Q

stratford case study regeneration plans

A
  • 2012 olympic games
  • london legacy development corporation (LDC) responsible for redevelopment
  • transport link- stratford international, DLR
  • westfield shopping centre in 2011 providing 10,000 jobs
  • chobham manor- 75% for families, 28% affordable homes
  • aquatic centre to make community healthier
  • east bank project for arts and culture- 2500 jobs and 1.5 million additional visitors (BBC, UCL)
  • 76% of employees at copper box and aquatics centre are local
46
Q

stratford case study water conservation and flood management

A
  • 48% of water is recycled
  • green roofs linked to a water storage in Chobham academy
  • river lea created flood relief channel for the Lee river catchment
47
Q

stratford case study habitat creation

A
  • 5 park areas
  • 3000 new trees and a new neighbourhood orchard
  • Here East has a brown roof- insect houses
48
Q

stratford case study green roofs

A
  • storm water management- paved or constructed surfaces which prevent storm water from being absorbed
  • cooling roofs and providing shading and insulation
  • new urban habitat
49
Q

stratford case study district energy scheme

A
  • kings yard houses use wood chip in their biomass boilers to provide hot water across Olympic park
  • QEOP uses 30% less energy than typical urban area
  • solar panel
  • smart metres and energy efficient lighting
50
Q

stratford case study transport sustainability

A
  • more electric charging points
  • walking and cycle paths (santander)
51
Q

stratford case study soil sustainability

A

2 million tonnes of soil was cleaned as it used to be heavily contaminated with heavy metals and arsenic

52
Q

stratford case study construction sustainability

A
  • minimum 20% of material must be used or recycled
  • 10% of timber from sustainable sources
  • reuse and recycle targets
53
Q

stratford case study problems with the regneration

A
  • anne power from LSE says affordable rent are still unaffordable to Newham’s poorest
  • very few jobs given to local people during construction and high levels of unemployment in tower hamlets
  • rent and property prices have gone up
  • character disappearing
54
Q

stratford case study current statistics 2021

A
  • 5.6% unemployment
  • life expectancy similar to rest of UK
55
Q

sources of representing a place

A
  • census data
  • maps
  • interviews
  • photographs
  • text- Hardy in Dorset
  • poetry- Wordsworth in Lake District
  • tv and film
  • art
  • graffiti- banksy
  • place architecture
  • digital or augmented place- fortnite
  • music- empire state of mind
56
Q

evaluation of using statistics

A

+ large scale
+ objective
+ representative
+ can compare change over time
+ pick out certain characteristics
- can become subjective when people pick what they want to use
- little about lived human experience

57
Q

examples of different types of maps

A
  • OS maps- see physical landscape
  • tube map- connectivity of trains
  • GIS maps- cartography maps which layers data on top of each other to see different characteristics
  • atlas
  • hand drawn and sketches
58
Q

evaluation of maps

A

+ can see physical location of places
+ relationship with other places
+ accurate with a scale
+ can show factual information
- some distort reality
- hidden bias and ifnekuce
- mercator map projection has a eurocentric view and distorts size of countries

59
Q

evaluation of interviews

A

+ first hand or direct reports
+ detailed answers to show lived experience
- interview bias
- may not be honest
- social desirability bias
- time consuming

60
Q

evaluation of photographs

A

+ real life photographs of a place
+ not subjective usually
+ shows character of place physically
+ show us change over time
- photo editing
- photos can create different perceptions due to weather, time
- selective

61
Q

evaluation of using text

A

+ can evoke sense of place
+ lots of detail
+ can be useful with tourism and entice people to visit
- media bias
- subjective

62
Q

evaluation of poetry

A

+ personal
+ evoke sense of place
- subjective

63
Q

evaluation of tv and film

A

+ tourists go to NI because of Game of Thrones and spend £50 million a year
- perception can easily be distorted depending on story being told

64
Q

evaluation of art

A

+ can help see peoples different perception
- subjective
- snapshot of time

65
Q

evaluation of graffiti

A
  • can be used negatively
  • perceived in the wrong light
66
Q

evaluation of place architecture

A

+ help with redevelopment and rebranding
- not everyone benefits

67
Q

evaluation of digital or augmented place

A

+ provide information quickly
+ GIS can be used with police forces and supermarkets

68
Q

evaluation of music

A

+ wide audience
- subjective

69
Q

why did detroit grow

A
  • motor city- especially general motors
  • transport hub in 19th century due to links with Lake Huron and Lake Erie
  • shipping and shipbuilding
  • industry in manufacturing (Ford and GM)
  • between 1910 and 1979, more than 6 million African Americans from southern states migrated to North and West
  • in 1950, detroit peaked as a metropolis of more than 1.8 million people
70
Q

why did detroit fall

A
  • de-industrialisation- technology meant less manual labour needed
  • manufacturers relocated to countries with lower wages
  • completion from Asia like Toyota and Honda which were more efficient and cheaper
  • 140,000 manufacturing jobs lost
  • city was $20 billion in debt from unpaid bills
  • fuel insecurity- international oil crisis so buyers bought vehicles with better fuel economy
  • racial segregation- 2 major riots in 1943 and 1967, perhaps hasn’t bounced back?
71
Q

racial issues in detroit

A
  • 43 people died in race riots, which were in predominantly black communities
  • in 70s, racial segregation was encouraged in schools and in neighbourhoods
  • white flight- white people moving to more suburban areas
  • it was said that black people moving into white neighbourhoods would cause house prices to drop
  • 80% of detroit’s population is black, and 14% is white
  • just after 1970, black population surpasses white one
  • high crime rates- murder capital of US in 2012 and 2016- media portrayal
72
Q

consequences of detroit decline

A
  • 60% decline in population since 1950
  • public services declined
  • nearly half of all property owners in the city don’t pay taxes
  • 80,000 abandoned houses
  • crime 180% higher than national average
  • test scored are 61% lower than national average
  • unemployment is double average
73
Q

future development in detroit

A
  • quicken loans remodelled Chase Tower to make it a retail space
  • detroits downtown development authority had redevelopment plans for Hermione Park to make it an entertainment and cultural centre
  • Detroits Future it’s (DFC) aims to shrink the city and transform it into an urban environment
74
Q

detroit lived experience in the past

A
  • broad river
  • significant architecture
  • grand boulevards
  • bustling city with lots of jobs and good wages
75
Q

detroit lived experience after 2008 and bankruptcy

A
  • abandoned houses
  • school looters
    -drug dealers
  • white flight- had better jobs and probably didn’t experience the change in Detroit as much
  • high crime rates within the city
  • racism and segregation
  • “you can’t save detroit. you gotta be detroit”
76
Q

detroit lived experience now

A
  • young people coming in with money and growing the economy
  • place for reinvention and new businesses
  • outsiders do not know how detroit once was and “boast its name on their shirts”
77
Q

history of leigh on sea

A
  • was a fishing community for 1000 years
  • strategic position that allowed seamen and captains from different countries
  • paid to keep watch for the armada
  • significance as a port declined in late 19th century
  • broadway developed between 1870s and 1920s to a commercial parade of shopfronts
  • leigh times in 1983
  • own town council in 1996
  • early 21st century, started to develop more niche and boutique like stores, restaurants and bars
78
Q

demographic factors in leigh

A
  • 546k total residents
  • average age 41.5 years
  • population dense in city centres
  • older population in leigh (40s)
79
Q

economic changes in southend

A
  • average £25k-£30k wage in leigh
  • people commute into london, which increases house prices and pushes local residents out
  • house prices roughly just below £450k
80
Q

social inequalities in southend

A
  • southend most dangerous city in essex
  • crime 39% higher than national average
  • 122 crimes out of 1000 people on 2023
  • high violent and sexual offences
  • 60% of households have incomes lower than national median
  • 9 areas in southend are in top 10% most deprived nationally
81
Q

media perception of leigh

A
  • happiest place to live in britain for the second time in three years
  • community spirit, opportunity to develop skills
  • regatta, art trail, christmas lights and parade
  • john wonnacott-idyllic drawings of the area

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