changing places Flashcards
define location
where it is in the map physically
define locale
locations associated with everyday activities and events that determine how you perceive and behave differently
define sense of place
subjective and emotional attachment to a place
how to define concept of a place
location
locale
sense of place
glastonbury as a place
location- in somerset
locale- glastonbury abbey and glastonbury tor
sense of place-spiritual importance, glastonbury music festival
theoretical approaches to place and definitions
descriptive- idea that the world is a set of places and each place can be studied and is distinct
social constructive approach- sees place as a set of social processes occurring at a particular time, changing over time
phenomenological approach- individual sense of place
social constructive approach trafalgar square
- immediate traces- statue of admiral Lord Nelson
- naval victory over french and spanish fleets in 1805
- space of empire
- in 1999, became centrepiece for some of the worlds most proactive contemporary public art
- use for protest when rallying against the state
doreen massey theory about place
- argues place is dynamic and not frozen in time
- places does not have single identities
- place are not enclosures with a clear inside and outside
jon anderson theory about place
- places are given meaning by the traces that exist in time
- either physical traces like building and monuments, or emotional traces like events
different scales of identity towards a place
localism- emotional ownership of a particular place (NIMBYism)
regionalism- consciousness and loyalty to a distinct region
nationalism- loyalty and devotion to a nation
define clone towns
settlements where the high street is dominated by chain stores
define homogenised places
global capitalism eroding local cultures and making identical places
define glocalisation and give examples
multinational companies adapting to local cultures to put within their products
- mcdonald’s in india removing beef burgers
- costa was set to open in Totnes in South Devon, but was protested against as the town supported independent high street stores so Costa dropped their plans
define endogenous factors
factors that orignate from inside the place
endogenous factors contributing to the character of places
- land use- type of housing, building density
- physical geography- relief, aspect, altitude
- demographic- population size and structure
- location- rural or urban
- employment, education and income
- heritage, religion and language
- political situation and stability
define exogenous factors
factors originating from outside
exogenous factors contributing to the character of places
- international migration and diasporas, which is a group of people with the same heritage settling together elsewhere in the world
- “newcomers” can cause conflict and change the charter if the area- cities may be gentrified and new housing estates built
- globalisation
- deindustrialisation and unemployment
- money and investment- trade deals and major deals like olympics in stratford
- tourism- vegas characterised by their casinos
how does identity show the importance of a place
- many people create their identity based on the places they feel connected to
- localism, regionalism, nationalism
how does belonging show importance of place
- community spirit
- inclusivity regardless of age, gender, race, religion, sexuality etc
- transition town movement- project to put emphasis on community involvement
- due to migration and globalisation, places like London have become multicultural so more people feel like they belong
how does well being show importance of place
- promoted through sociability, access, actives and image
- 2020, Altrincham in greater manchester is the best place to live according to sunday times
define insiders and features of being one
someone who is familiar with a place and feels welcome
- feeling of belonging
- positive experience
- being able to contribute
- share similar features like age, gender, religion
define outsiders
someone who feels unwelcome or excluded
define near places
geographically near to where a person loves
define far places
geographically away from where a person loves
how has the perception of far places changed
globalisation means far places are not automatically strange or unfamiliar e.g travel technology, IT and media and staying connected to people from afar
define experienced places
an actual place a person has visited
define topophiloa
love of a place
define topophobia
hate of a place
define genius loci
spirit of a place
define media places
places that have only been seen through media
problems with media places
- different to reality
- rural idyll which makes it seem pristine and perfect when in reality it isn’t
- perception of new york from friends
- perception of england from bridgerton, or london from top boy
external forces driving change
government policies- regeneration schemes, financial incentives like enterprise zones
multinational companies- honda closed down its swindon factory to move production to china, japan and us, detroit and decline of car manufacturers
international global institutions- sustainable development goals, aid like World Bank running 24 development projects in Haiti
national government- immigration policies like Rwanda, policies on economy, population policies
define place meaning
individual or collective perceptions of place, which can have historical, cultural or spiritual significance
how someone feels is dependent on their experience
belfast case study for place meaning
- division between Catholics and Protestants with the troubles
- graffiti in the walls of different conflicts globally
- Titanic Quarter includes studios and more than 100 companies like Microsoft and HBO
- city council wants to present it s a cultural place
- in 2018, visitors spend 5.2 million nights and contributed £400 billion to local economy
define place representation
how individuals and organisations portray places
examples of place representation
- individuals who are proud can present it to others in a positive way
- tourism companies and local companies can present places positively in order to gain publicity and increase tourism
- newspapers can focus on negative aspects to help sell more copies
- # theafricathemedianevershowsyou- in 2015, individual activists and communities came together to challenge the images frequently associated with Africa
define place memory
ability to make a past place come to life in the present though photos, artefacts and buildings
strongest in children as there is also emotional attachment
devonport, plymouth case study on external forces driving change
- originally a naval dockyard due to its location on the sheltered deep water harbour
- in 1952, navy requisitioned Devonport town centre as a storage enclave so residents were displaced
- new deal for communities initiative- provide funding to improve some of the most deprived areas
- addressing crime, housing, education and health
- naval wall removed
- major redevelopment of docks announced in 2020 which will create 600 jobs
medellin, columbia case study on external forces driving change
- associated with drugs and violence
- unemployment, crime and poverty spread after death of drug lord Pablo Escobar in 1993
- divided city was able to integrate more
- city’s poorest in Anura Valley can access economic centre with outdoor escalators and gondola system
- metro plus bus transit system , tram
- money invested into education and social programmes and public art and culture
- however crime rates and gang violence remain high
port sunlight, the wirral case study on external forces driving change
- built entirely by the beliefs and ideals of William Hesketh Lever
- built a new factory and village for his workers- provided them with high quality housing and amenities
- now a conserved area with grade 2 listed buildings- Port Sunlight Village Trust
define rebranding and features
creation of a new identity or image for a place to replace an identity that may have negative overtunes
- attract new investment and tourists
- “I Amsterdam” slogan and sign position in front of the city’s famous Rijksmuseum- successful destination brand on social media
- happens from inside
- needs to satisfy all stakeholders like local residents and investors
- “People Make Glasgow”
define reimaging and example
- disassociated a place from bad pre-existing images in relation to poor housing, social deprivation and high levels of crime
- birmingham- previous image of high unemployment and deindustrialisation, but is now turned into new modern places like Brindleyplace
define regeneration
long term process which involves redevelopment of the social economic and environmental aspects of a place
stratford case study problems before regeneration
- between 1951 and 1975, 40,000 jobs were lost
- deindustrialisation- fridge mountain, polluted waterways, derelict warehouses
- most deprived boroughs in London
- 3.7% live in poverty
- life expectancy 12 years lower than UK average
- 9% unemployed
stratford case study regeneration plans
- 2012 olympic games
- london legacy development corporation (LDC) responsible for redevelopment
- transport link- stratford international, DLR
- westfield shopping centre in 2011 providing 10,000 jobs
- chobham manor- 75% for families, 28% affordable homes
- aquatic centre to make community healthier
- east bank project for arts and culture- 2500 jobs and 1.5 million additional visitors (BBC, UCL)
- 76% of employees at copper box and aquatics centre are local
stratford case study water conservation and flood management
- 48% of water is recycled
- green roofs linked to a water storage in Chobham academy
- river lea created flood relief channel for the Lee river catchment
stratford case study habitat creation
- 5 park areas
- 3000 new trees and a new neighbourhood orchard
- Here East has a brown roof- insect houses
stratford case study green roofs
- storm water management- paved or constructed surfaces which prevent storm water from being absorbed
- cooling roofs and providing shading and insulation
- new urban habitat
stratford case study district energy scheme
- kings yard houses use wood chip in their biomass boilers to provide hot water across Olympic park
- QEOP uses 30% less energy than typical urban area
- solar panel
- smart metres and energy efficient lighting
stratford case study transport sustainability
- more electric charging points
- walking and cycle paths (santander)
stratford case study soil sustainability
2 million tonnes of soil was cleaned as it used to be heavily contaminated with heavy metals and arsenic
stratford case study construction sustainability
- minimum 20% of material must be used or recycled
- 10% of timber from sustainable sources
- reuse and recycle targets
stratford case study problems with the regneration
- anne power from LSE says affordable rent are still unaffordable to Newham’s poorest
- very few jobs given to local people during construction and high levels of unemployment in tower hamlets
- rent and property prices have gone up
- character disappearing
stratford case study current statistics 2021
- 5.6% unemployment
- life expectancy similar to rest of UK
sources of representing a place
- census data
- maps
- interviews
- photographs
- text- Hardy in Dorset
- poetry- Wordsworth in Lake District
- tv and film
- art
- graffiti- banksy
- place architecture
- digital or augmented place- fortnite
- music- empire state of mind
evaluation of using statistics
+ large scale
+ objective
+ representative
+ can compare change over time
+ pick out certain characteristics
- can become subjective when people pick what they want to use
- little about lived human experience
examples of different types of maps
- OS maps- see physical landscape
- tube map- connectivity of trains
- GIS maps- cartography maps which layers data on top of each other to see different characteristics
- atlas
- hand drawn and sketches
evaluation of maps
+ can see physical location of places
+ relationship with other places
+ accurate with a scale
+ can show factual information
- some distort reality
- hidden bias and ifnekuce
- mercator map projection has a eurocentric view and distorts size of countries
evaluation of interviews
+ first hand or direct reports
+ detailed answers to show lived experience
- interview bias
- may not be honest
- social desirability bias
- time consuming
evaluation of photographs
+ real life photographs of a place
+ not subjective usually
+ shows character of place physically
+ show us change over time
- photo editing
- photos can create different perceptions due to weather, time
- selective
evaluation of using text
+ can evoke sense of place
+ lots of detail
+ can be useful with tourism and entice people to visit
- media bias
- subjective
evaluation of poetry
+ personal
+ evoke sense of place
- subjective
evaluation of tv and film
+ tourists go to NI because of Game of Thrones and spend £50 million a year
- perception can easily be distorted depending on story being told
evaluation of art
+ can help see peoples different perception
- subjective
- snapshot of time
evaluation of graffiti
- can be used negatively
- perceived in the wrong light
evaluation of place architecture
+ help with redevelopment and rebranding
- not everyone benefits
evaluation of digital or augmented place
+ provide information quickly
+ GIS can be used with police forces and supermarkets
evaluation of music
+ wide audience
- subjective
why did detroit grow
- motor city- especially general motors
- transport hub in 19th century due to links with Lake Huron and Lake Erie
- shipping and shipbuilding
- industry in manufacturing (Ford and GM)
- between 1910 and 1979, more than 6 million African Americans from southern states migrated to North and West
- in 1950, detroit peaked as a metropolis of more than 1.8 million people
why did detroit fall
- de-industrialisation- technology meant less manual labour needed
- manufacturers relocated to countries with lower wages
- completion from Asia like Toyota and Honda which were more efficient and cheaper
- 140,000 manufacturing jobs lost
- city was $20 billion in debt from unpaid bills
- fuel insecurity- international oil crisis so buyers bought vehicles with better fuel economy
- racial segregation- 2 major riots in 1943 and 1967, perhaps hasn’t bounced back?
racial issues in detroit
- 43 people died in race riots, which were in predominantly black communities
- in 70s, racial segregation was encouraged in schools and in neighbourhoods
- white flight- white people moving to more suburban areas
- it was said that black people moving into white neighbourhoods would cause house prices to drop
- 80% of detroit’s population is black, and 14% is white
- just after 1970, black population surpasses white one
- high crime rates- murder capital of US in 2012 and 2016- media portrayal
consequences of detroit decline
- 60% decline in population since 1950
- public services declined
- nearly half of all property owners in the city don’t pay taxes
- 80,000 abandoned houses
- crime 180% higher than national average
- test scored are 61% lower than national average
- unemployment is double average
future development in detroit
- quicken loans remodelled Chase Tower to make it a retail space
- detroits downtown development authority had redevelopment plans for Hermione Park to make it an entertainment and cultural centre
- Detroits Future it’s (DFC) aims to shrink the city and transform it into an urban environment
detroit lived experience in the past
- broad river
- significant architecture
- grand boulevards
- bustling city with lots of jobs and good wages
detroit lived experience after 2008 and bankruptcy
- abandoned houses
- school looters
-drug dealers - white flight- had better jobs and probably didn’t experience the change in Detroit as much
- high crime rates within the city
- racism and segregation
- “you can’t save detroit. you gotta be detroit”
detroit lived experience now
- young people coming in with money and growing the economy
- place for reinvention and new businesses
- outsiders do not know how detroit once was and “boast its name on their shirts”
history of leigh on sea
- was a fishing community for 1000 years
- strategic position that allowed seamen and captains from different countries
- paid to keep watch for the armada
- significance as a port declined in late 19th century
- broadway developed between 1870s and 1920s to a commercial parade of shopfronts
- leigh times in 1983
- own town council in 1996
- early 21st century, started to develop more niche and boutique like stores, restaurants and bars
demographic factors in leigh
- 546k total residents
- average age 41.5 years
- population dense in city centres
- older population in leigh (40s)
economic changes in southend
- average £25k-£30k wage in leigh
- people commute into london, which increases house prices and pushes local residents out
- house prices roughly just below £450k
social inequalities in southend
- southend most dangerous city in essex
- crime 39% higher than national average
- 122 crimes out of 1000 people on 2023
- high violent and sexual offences
- 60% of households have incomes lower than national median
- 9 areas in southend are in top 10% most deprived nationally
media perception of leigh
- happiest place to live in britain for the second time in three years
- community spirit, opportunity to develop skills
- regatta, art trail, christmas lights and parade
- john wonnacott-idyllic drawings of the area
