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human geog > Global Systems > Flashcards

Global Systems Flashcards

1
Q

globalisation

A

a process by which national economies, societies, and cultures have become increasingly integrated through the global network of trade, communication, transport, and imigration

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2
Q

corporate domination

A

brand power

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3
Q

economy of scale

A

cost advantage of large scale output of a product as savings are made by spreading the costs over more units

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4
Q

example of a successful brand

A

coca cola

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5
Q

flows of capital

A

all financial transfers between companies for investment, trade, or production

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6
Q

remittance

A

transfers of money from migrants to relatives back home

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7
Q

migration

A

the outmigration of labour from poorer to richer countries

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8
Q

FDI

A

(foreign direct investments) money or assets investment by TNCs in overseas enterprises - either by merging with another company, setting up subsidiary companies, or through shares

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9
Q

BRIC

A

(Brazil, Russia, India, and China) rapid economic advances during the 90s

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10
Q

MINT

A

(Mexico, Indonesia, Nigeria, and Turkey) recently emerging economies after the year 2000

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11
Q

repatriation of profits

A

sometimes known as economic leakage, TNCs will extract profits from abroad and bring back to their HQ

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12
Q

sources of aid

A

either from NGOs, as bilateral agreements between 2 governments, or via multinational organisations e.g. the UN which puts aid from many nations together

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13
Q

IMF

A

(international monetary fund) which aims to allow economic stability and foster international trade

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14
Q

service

A

an economic activity, which is traded without the production of material goods - eg finances

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15
Q

high-level service

A

services to businesses such as finances, investment, and banking

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16
Q

low-level service

A

services to consumers such as banking, travel and tourism, or communication services

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17
Q

global shift

A

the movement of manufacturing to lower wage economies - this movement of labour is part of a wider division

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18
Q

labour division

A

split into high and low skilled

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19
Q

high skilled labour

A

high paid, decision making, research and managerial occupations, largely focussed in developed countries

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20
Q

low skilled labour

A

poorly paid assembly occupations, generally located in developing nations with low labour costs

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21
Q

factors in globalisation

A 
communication developments
transport developments
financial factors
security
management and information systems
trade blocs and agreements
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22
Q

transport developements

A

air transportation of goods
containerization
robotic warehouses and road transport
affordable air travel

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23
Q

protectionism

A

eg china, putting in place barriers to prevent and reduce trade in order to maintain internal markets and own manufacturing industries

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24
Q

trade and financial liberalisation

A

groups such as WTO encourages governments to remove tariffs and barriers to trsde. Idea is to encourage free movement of goods and services

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25
Q

cost of a online security breach in the UK

A

£1.5 million

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26
Q

WCO

A

(world customs organisation) aim to stay ahead of crime relating to the movement of goods and services

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27
Q

HSBC is the world’s … largest bank

A

4th

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28
Q

HSBC total assets

A

$2.67 trillion

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29
Q

HSBC has 9500 branches in … countries

A

85

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30
Q

examples in variations of the HSBC bank name

A

Hang Seng Bank, First Direct, Bank of Bermuda

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31
Q

what sort of manufacture does Toyota use

A

JIT (just in time)

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32
Q

aim of the G7

A

free trade

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33
Q

aim of the G20

A

give a voice to developing countries who felt that the WTO were not fully serving their interests

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34
Q

countries in the G7

A

Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, UK, US

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35
Q

countries in the G20

A

there’s 20 obvs including:

Argentina, Brazil, China, germany, Indonesia, Japan, Russia, SA, Turkey, US

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36
Q

the world bank

A

organisation of 188 countries who work to promote financial cooperation between countries to reduce poverty, this is normally in through the promotion of trade and high employment

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37
Q

UN

A

(united nations) international peace, security, and human rights
promotes the development of poorer nations through work with the IMF and world bank

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38
Q

WTO

A

(world trade organisation) deals in the rules of trade between countries ensuring trade flows freely (overseas 97% of world trade)

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39
Q

IMF

A

(international monetary fund) promotes global economic stability by encouraging international trade

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40
Q

TNC

A

(transnational corporation) a global company which operates in more than one country, headquarters are often in MEDCs with factories in LEDCs where workers are cheaper

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41
Q

aim of OPEC

A

(organisation of petroleum exporting countries) coordinating and unify petroleum policies with fair and stable prices
11 countries who supply 40% of the worlds oil

42
Q

trade agreement

A

just one prouct

43
Q

aim of EFTA

A

(European free trade association) free trade and economic integration

44
Q

countries in OPEC

A

these are just some Ecuador, Iran, Nigeria, Qatar, Saudi Arabia

45
Q

countries in EFTA

A

only four: Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway, and Switzerland

46
Q

aim of the EU

A

common market and peace

47
Q

countries in the EU

A

these are just some Austria, Spain, Greece, Germany, Malta, and the Netherlands

48
Q

when was apple founded

A

1976

very young company for its size

49
Q

when did apple take over macintosh and what did the computers from this brand evolve into

A

1982

applemac

50
Q

why has apple seen huge growth since 2000

A

development of mobile and wifi services

51
Q

apple is the …. largest IT company

A

second (behind samsung)

52
Q

apple is the … largest music retailer

A

first

53
Q

how many full time employees does apple have?

A

98 000

54
Q

apple has over 450 retail stores in … countries

A

16

55
Q

reasons for apple’s success

A

Innovative, well-designed products
Slick marketing and branding- loyal customers
Highly mobile devices- fits market need
Selling ancillary products i.e. musics and apps

56
Q

where are 44% of apple’s sales based

A

usa

57
Q

why have apple seen rapid growth in the last 5 years in the asia-pacific market/

A

demand for the iphone

58
Q

average market profile of an apple consumer

A

31
58% graduates
earn 26% more than the national avrage

59
Q

when do apple see a spike in sales

A

christmas and when competitors fail e.g. samsung notes catching fire

60
Q

where are apple products designed

A

silicon valley

61
Q

where are apple products made

A

china - foxconn

and imacs in ireland

62
Q

why do apple locate their research and development in silicon valley

A

Have well qualified staff
Good communication links
Near to their largest market

63
Q

where is apple’s customer support and online call centre

A

ireland

64
Q

advantages of migration/immigration

A

from the periphery to the centre which allows or cultural mixing e.g. india to the uk
rural-to-urban migration for better education
cheap labour and seasonal work that boosts economy via outsourcing

65
Q

disadvantages of migration/immigration

A

skills/labour population loss in trade bloc periphery e.g. poland to the uk
host loses money through remittance
higher level of interdependence e.g. mexican remittance from the usa
erosion of culture
conditions migrants have to live in - slums

66
Q

outsourcing

A

the movement of labour to developing nations to make use of cheap labour costs and less strict working conditions

67
Q

issues of outsourcing in HICs

A

loss of jobs in HICs especially in manufacturing
deindustrialisation, lose industries especially pollution ones
structural unemployment (workforce lack needed skills)
demultiplier effect

68
Q

types of inequality

A

the difference between low and high income countries (and whether it’s increasing or decreasing) and the inequalities that exist within a country (and how this is affected by globalisation)

69
Q

HDI

A

human development index
considers the GDP per capita, life expectancy, and adult literacy rate
1 is perfect 0 is bad

70
Q

the Gini index

A

used to indicate internal inequality

1 means the entire nations income goes to one person and 0 is the income is venly divided

71
Q

factors impacting acess to trade

A

trade blocs, location, global systems, level of development, TNC involvement, political stability, history

72
Q

where are shell’s headquarters

A

netherlands but the parent company, Royal Dutch Shell, is in the UK

73
Q

why have shell chosen to locate in the netherlands

A

easy access to EU

access good services despite their product being largely from Nigeria

74
Q

Nigeria is the largest oil producer in africa and the … largest in the world

A

8th

75
Q

nigeria depends on the oil and gas industry for approximately … of their export income and … of overall government revenue

A

90%

75%

76
Q

for how many years has shell been involved in nigeria’s economy, politics, and overall development?

A

50 years

77
Q

benefits of shell being in nigeria for nigeria

A

brings reliable lighting and electrical power to people and small businesses

78
Q

Import licence

A

A licence issued by national government authorising the importation of goods from a specific source

79
Q

Import quotas

A

A physical limit on the quantity of goods that can be imported into the country

80
Q

Subsidies

A

These are grants or allowances usually awarded for domestic producers to reduce their costs and make them more competitive against imports

81
Q

Voluntary export restraints

A

This is a diplomatic strategy offered by the exporting country to appease the importing country and deter it from opposing trade barriers

82
Q

Embargoes

A

These involve the partial or complete prohibition of commerce and trade with a particular country (political rather than commercial)

83
Q

Trade restrictions

A

Other import restrictions may be based on technical or regulatory obstacles such as the quality standards of goods being imported, or how they are produced (ie child labour)

84
Q

Globalisation after ww2

A

Formation of the UN, IMF, and GATT (general agreement on tariffs and trade - now the WTO)

85
Q

Free trade

A

The aim of the WTO, the idea that there are no barriers to trade and it can occur freely between all nations

86
Q

why do companies want free trade?

A

outsourcing is cheaper as no taxes to bring it back, opens new markets, better access to primary products

87
Q

top ten coffee producing countries

A

a lot found in south america because of geographical location
LDCs
NEEs e.g. brazil and Vietnam

88
Q

how much is the coffee market worth

A

$42.5 billion

89
Q

main consumers of coffee

A

US - consume over 20 million 60kg bags per year because of coffee chains like Starbucks

90
Q

protectionism

A

a deliberate policy by government to impose restrictions on trade in goods and services with other countries - usually done with the intention of protecting home-based industries from foreign competitions

91
Q

un

A

an international organisation founded in 1945 made up of 193 member states whose aim is to promote international peace and cooperation

92
Q

how will ocean acidification affect antarctica

A

ecosystems projected to become so low in carbonate ions that the waters become corrosive to unprotected shells of organisms so this will affect the food webs

93
Q

ipcc

A

international panel on climate change
for Antarctica
a governmental organisation involved in Antarctica

94
Q

unfccc

A

united nations framework convention on climate change

a governmental organisation involved in antarctica

95
Q

give three benefits of free trade

A

lower prices for consumers
greater choice
access to cheaper raw materials for tncs

96
Q

give three costs of free trade

A

injustice (exploited ldcs)
poor working conditions
ldcs can’t compete mdcs

97
Q

Dimensions of globalisation

A

Flows of info, tech, and capital
Flows of products and labour
Flows of services and global marketing
Patterns of production, distribution, and consumption

98
Q

Oecd

A

Organisation for economic cooperation and development

30 of the worlds richest countries

99
Q

G8

A

65% of the worlds trade (Canada France Germany Italy Japan Russia uk USA

100
Q

G20

A

Discusses methods to encourage economic growth (like the g8)

101
Q

World bank

A

Promotes global investment and gives out loans

human geog (3 decks)

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