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human geog > Contemporary urban environments > Flashcards

Contemporary urban environments Flashcards

1
Q

Urban growth

A

The increase in the total population of a town or city

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2
Q

Urbanisation

A

The increase in the proportion of the population living in urban centres

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3
Q

Urban expansion

A

The increase in size or geographical footprint of a city

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4
Q

Distinguish between urbanisation and urban growth

A

If urban growth and expansion is matched by population increase in rural areas then urbanisation is not occurring

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5
Q

Why are urban centres important to human affairs?

A 
Economic reasons
Political power
Social and cultural reasons
The exchange of ideas
The organisation of economic production
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6
Q

Cause(s) of urbanisation

A

Economic opportunities attract migrants (rural-to-urban migration) then natural increase in population

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7
Q

The __ largest cities in the U.K. Show that __% of businesses are found in cities

A

64 54%

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8
Q

__% of the UK’s population live in cities

A

54%

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9
Q

__% of jobs are found in the UK’s largest cities and __% of these are high-skilled jobs

A

58% 72%

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10
Q

__% of new migrants to the UK live in urban areas

A

78%

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11
Q

Push factors for migration to cities:

A 
Poverty
Agricultural problems
Lack of medics
Natural disasters
War
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12
Q

Pull factors for migration to cities:

A

Employment
Education
Health
Entertainment

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13
Q

Steps for describing a pattern:

A

1- even /uneven distribution
2- highest/lowest values
3- anomalies
4- which value dominates

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14
Q

urbanisation

A

an increase in the proportion of a country’s population that lives in towns and cities

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15
Q

urban sprawl

A

the spread of an urban area into the surrounding countryside, it has many negatives including commuters

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16
Q

decentralisation

A

movement of industry outwards causes a decline to the inner city

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17
Q

example of shortage of housing to lower income countries due to urbanisation

A

the slum called Dhaka in Bangladesh

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18
Q

how many people live in Dhaka

A

12 million, 4 million live in slums

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19
Q

rate of urbanisation in Dhaka

A

1/2 million people come from the countryside to the city per year

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20
Q

shortage of affordable housing in higher income countries due to urbanisation example

A

in some areas of London, house prices rose by 50% from 2010 to 2015 due to being a desirable place to live

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21
Q

issue of lack or urban services and waste disposal due to urbanisation example

A

New Delhi, India and Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

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22
Q

in 2015, how much piped water reached the slum areas of New Delhi

A

5%

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23
Q

in Ethiopia, how much rubbish is the city authorities able to deal with

A

2/3

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24
Q

transport issues created by urbanisation example

A

Mexico City

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25
Q

in Mexico City there are 20 million people, but how many cars are there?

A

5 million

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26
Q

suburbanisation

A

the movement of people from the inner parts of the city to the outer parts (facilitated by transport)

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27
Q

three push factors of suburbanisation

A

poor quality housing
decentralisation
slum clearance of the 50-70s
loss of jobs so services close

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28
Q

three pull factors of suburbanisation

A

more relaxed planning laws
better transportation
buisnesses moving out too

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29
Q

three impacts of suburbanisation on a city centre

A

dereliction
unemployment
economic and ethnic segregation
more commuters

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30
Q

three impacts of suburbanisation on the suburbs

A

ruined wildlife habitats
high risk of flooding
more car ownership

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31
Q

how do redevelopment schemes help manage suburbanisation?

A

improve brownfield sites to encourage buisnesses and people to return

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32
Q

what are green belts and what do they help manage

A

areas of countryside with restricted land use helps manage suburbanisaion

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33
Q

three methods of managing suburbanisation

A

redevelopment schemes
green belts
reduce traffic congestion
improved flood defences

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34
Q

brownfield site

A

derelict site in urban areas

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35
Q

greenfield site

A

new sites usually on agricultural land

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36
Q

three disads of brownfield sites

A

polluted
costly to reclaim
small
high density housing

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37
Q

Advantage of brownfield sites

A

already has some infrastructure

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38
Q

three advantages to greenfield sites

A

low density housing, high in demand, large space

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39
Q

two disadvantages to greenfield sites

A

difficult to get planning permossion and high industrial costs

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40
Q

counter urbanisation

A

the movement of people from large urban areas into smaller ones thereby skipping over the rural urban fridge (need for commuting)

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41
Q

example of a city affected by suburbanisaion

A

LA

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42
Q

cause of suburbanisation in LA??

A

electric tramways were built in 20s/30s and development of motorways in 80s made the suburbs accessible

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43
Q

two effects of suburbanisation in LA

A

urban smog and donut city

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44
Q

UK place affected by suburbanisation

A

Surbiton, South-West London

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45
Q

what was the population growth in Surbiton?

A

141 000 in 1971 to 160 000 in 2011 as a result of suburbanisation

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46
Q

three reasons people move to Surbition?

A

good transport links to the centre of london, good quality housing, wealthy areas (shops n restaurants), popular with families (schools n parks)

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47
Q

three issues suburbanisation has caused in Surbiton

A

congestion, high house prices,, economic segregation

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48
Q

percentage of car ownership in subition

A

70%

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49
Q

house prices is Subition

A

av selling price in 2012 was £406 000 UK av is £226 000

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50
Q

three strategies put in place to manage suburbanisation in Surbiton

A

widening roads so less congestion, Neighbourhood Committee involves local residents in decisions, campaign to put Surbiton to a different London travel zone to reduce travel fares.

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51
Q

three push factors of counter urbanisation

A

car n noise pollution, congestion, rise in house prices

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52
Q

three pull factors of counter urbanisation

A

less density packed housing, open space and clean air, computers so work from home

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53
Q

three positive impacts counter urbanisation has on rural areas

A

increased buisness, existing houses improved, more people to keep the schools open

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54
Q

three negative impacts counter urbanisation has on rural areas

A

development affects the character, rural services close (drive to urban), traffic, house prices increase

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55
Q

name a place experiencing counter urbanisation

A

St Ives Cambridge, UK

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56
Q

where is St Ives?

A

70 miles north of London

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57
Q

what’s the population of St Ives?

A

n 1961 it was 3800 in 2010 it was 16 400

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58
Q

three impacts counter urbanisation has had on St Ives

A

congestion on A14 in rush hour, population structure changed from ageing to more under 16 than over 65, house prices rising, near river Great Ouse which floods

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59
Q

three management strategies in St Ives to help deal with counter Urbanisation

A

200 new homes built in 2010 (75 are affordable housing), primary schools expand to include 240 more places, flood protection works cost £8.8 mil

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60
Q

suburbanised village

A

associated with counter urbanisation

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61
Q

key features of a suburbanised village

A 
original village core
infills
ribbon developments
adjuncts
isolates
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62
Q

original village core

A

oldest part sometimes characterised by a church

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63
Q

infils, modifications, and accretions

A

when open space is built on

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64
Q

ribbon developments

A

long, narrow patterns following the main roads (bc accessible)

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65
Q

adjuncts

A

large scale developments such as housing developments

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66
Q

isolates

A

including garden centres, caravan parks, and new industrial units

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67
Q

example of a suburbanised village

A

moreton in marsh

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68
Q

original village core in moreton

A

Curfew Tower and Redesdale Hall are the old buildings

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69
Q

Ribbon developments in moreton

A

Redesdale Place along the left side of the A429

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70
Q

adjuncts in moreton

A

Blenheim Place housing estate to the north east

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71
Q

isolates in moreton

A

Cotswold Business park, Fosseway Garden Centre

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72
Q

why can moreton not be considered a suburbanised village

A

it doesn’t have any infills, modifications, and accretions as the land is privately owned by the Batsford Park Estate

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73
Q

urban resurgence

A

the regeneration, both economic and structural, of an urban area that has suffered a period of decline

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74
Q

rebranding

A

the transforming of run down areas into fashionable areas to live to attract young proffessionals

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75
Q

case study for resurgence

A

salford quays, manchester , uk

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76
Q

core of a mega/world city

A

the central area where decisions are made, have the most jobs, most affluent people etc

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77
Q

periphery of a mega/world city

A

out lying regions where less affluent, less economic value, more push factors etc

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78
Q

mega city

A

has over 10 million inhabitants

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79
Q

world city

A

not necessarily the largest in terms of pop but are disproportionately important in global economy

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80
Q

characteristics of a world city

A

cultural, production, business transport and trade, migration, political

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81
Q

eg of world city

A

london

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82
Q

cultural characteristics world city ondon

A

national theatres eg west end, good education (42 higher education institutes in london)

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83
Q

production hub characteristic world city london

A

dagenham the ford factory in london

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84
Q

business, transport, and trade characteristics/ world city/ london

A

heathrow airport, over 40% of world’s foreign equities are traded there, over 30% world’s currency exchange happens there, 80% london business is international

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85
Q

migration characteristics/ world city/ london

A

londoners speak over 300 languages and belong to 14 faiths

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86
Q

when did salford quays close

A

1982

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87
Q

how many jobs were lost from the closure of salford uays

A

3000

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88
Q

CBD

A

this central area contains the major shops offices and entertainment fecilities

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89
Q

flaws of the burgess model

A

perfect, cbd is central, no multi use areas, doesn’t account for change, based on early 1900s western cities

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90
Q

pvli

A

peak land value intersection

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91
Q

flaws of bid rent theory

A

accounts for multi use areas but doesn’t represent the layout of modern cities, suggests there’s no shops or offices in the outskirts e.g. business parks

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92
Q

cultural diversity

A

existence of a variety of cultural/ethnic groups within a society

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93
Q

example of cultural diversity

A

spark brook, birmingham, 78% of residents don’t identify as white british

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94
Q

diaspora

A

a group of people with similar heritage or homeland who have settled elsewhere in the world

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95
Q

eg of diaspora

A

leeds which used to be a hub of industry but is now deprived

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96
Q

economic inequality

A

the economic differences between people at a variety of scales, this is all relative and nt absolute like poverty

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97
Q

eg of economic inequality

A

mexico city in mexico

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98
Q

social segregation

A

groups of people living apart from the larger population for a variety of factors

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99
Q

urban social exculsion

A

economic and social problems faced by residents in areas of multiple deprivation

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100
Q

minority

A

less than 50%

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101
Q

issues created with cultural diversity

A

schooling difficult as not one collective language, hate crime, house prices rise as desirable for migrants

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102
Q

how many religions are found in mumbai

A

8

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103
Q

reasons for segregation

A

self segregation and forced segregation

104
Q

self segregation

A

where the individuals take themselves away to certain area

105
Q

forced segregation

A

where housing services or other external factors create a segregated urban area

106
Q

post modernism

A

describes the changes western cultures and societies in the late 20th century it marked a move away from uniform and conforming ‘modern’ cities and a move towards different architectural styles

107
Q

urban form

A

related to the physical characteristics that go towards making up an urban area

108
Q

what does urban form include?

A

shape, size, density of population, configuration of the settlement

109
Q

alpha city

A

ancient (been around for a long time) found in the developed oworld

110
Q

beta city

A

house major parliaments eg the EU based in brussels

111
Q

gamma cities

A

there for our convenience

112
Q

physical factors in urban form

A

wet points, dry points, gap towns, resources, relief

113
Q

wet points

A

areas that have a good water supply

114
Q

dry points

A

areas that are away from the risk of flooding, this may change with sea level rise

115
Q

gap towns

A

towns located between two areas of high land, its shape and size is restricted

116
Q

human factors of urban form

A

trading centers, government policy, transport links

117
Q

Modernism

A

Practicality

118
Q

Classical

A

Making the buildings pretty

119
Q

Post modernism

A

Making the buildings pretty but also practicle

120
Q

NUL (new urban landscapes) - town centre redevelopment

A

Encouraging the development of other functions than retail to increase the attraction of the city centre - can involve constructing offices and apartments

121
Q

Pros of town centre mixed development

A

Prevents CBD decline because risk of decline is spread out

122
Q

Cons of town centre mixed development

A

Complex management

Often on brownfield sites do limited expansion

123
Q

Example of town centre mixed development

A

The Cube
Think Tank
more nightlife in Broad Street
Birmingham

124
Q

NUL (new urban landscapes) - cultural and heritage quarters

A

Cultural production eg making things

Heritage is history on the area often small scale industries

125
Q

Pros of cultural and heritage quarters

A

Maintains sense of place
Bring in income
Buildings reused/repurposed

126
Q

Cons of cultural and heritage quarters

A

Old things no longer relevant

Expensive in maintaining

127
Q

Example of cultural and heritage quarter

A

Jewellery Quarter in Birmingham

128
Q

NUL (new urban landscapes) - gentrified areas

A

Individuals purchase and renovate run down properties/industrial space to make it more valuable and appealing

129
Q

Pros of gentrified areas

A

Environmental benefits
Less commuters as more living in the city
Associated benefits with less commuters eg pollution

130
Q

Cons of gentrified areas

A

Cutting corners in the process eg Grendel Tower where only £10mil spent on inexpensive cladding

131
Q

Example of a gentrified area

A

Notting Hill London

132
Q

NUL (new urban landscapes) - Fortress landscapes

A

Landscapes designed for security which can involve deliberate segregation of people to keep others safe

133
Q

Pros of fortress landscapes

A

Super safe

134
Q

Cons of fortress landscapes

A

Segregation
Intimidating
Cost of maintenance

135
Q

Example of fortress landscapes

A

US embassy in London

136
Q

NUL (new urban landscapes) - edge cities

A

Self contained settlements beyond the city boundary bc of urban sprawl

137
Q

Pros of edge cities

A

Green space

Lots of space to expand

138
Q

Cons of edge cities

A

Social segregation eg white flight
Greenfield sites
Main city forgotten

139
Q

Example of an edge city

A

LA

140
Q

Urban structure of a post modern city

A

Multi nodal structure

141
Q

Landscape of a post modern city

A

Redevelopment
Heritage
Interesting architecture

142
Q

Economy of post modern city

A

Service sector
Niche markets
Globalised economy

143
Q

Planning of a post modern city

A

Planned in fragments
Focussed on aesthetics
Expensive

144
Q

Culture and society of a post modern city

A

Ethnic diversity
High degree of social polarisation
Consumption
Wealthiest live in cbd

145
Q

Urban structure of modern city

A

Commercial centre

PVLI

146
Q

Landscape of a modern city

A

Functional buildings eg skyscrapers

147
Q

Economy of a modern city

A

Industrial economy focussed on mass production

Eg Detroit

148
Q

Planning a modern city

A

Planned in totality
Open spaces
Eg Milton Keynes

149
Q

Culture and society of a modern city

A

Class system
Homogeneity
Wealthiest live in suburbs

150
Q

urban policy

A

the strategies chosen by local or central government to manage the development of urban areas and reduce urban problems

151
Q

1979

A

UDC (urban development corporations)

Property led

152
Q

1991

A

City challange

Partnership schemes

153
Q

example of an udc

A

london docklands development corporation

154
Q

example of a partnership schemes

A

hulme city challange partnership manchesterr

155
Q

1997

A

new deal for communities

area based initiatives

156
Q

example of area based initiatives

A

devonport regeneration company

plymouth

157
Q

urban regeneration

A

the process of urban or rural improvement which may be economic social or environmental in nature

158
Q

QUANGO

A

quasi-autonomous non-governmental organisation (funded by taxpayers not controlled by the government)

159
Q

example of QUANGO

A

the environment agency

160
Q

deindustrialisation

A

the decline of the manufacturing industry, found in northern england

161
Q

causes of deindustrialisation

A

mechanisation
competition from abroad
reduced demand for traditional products (new technology)

162
Q

three economic impacts of deindustrialisation

A

decline in property prices as out migration
increase in demand for state benefits
less disposable income

163
Q

three environmental impact of deindustrialisation

A

derelict land and buildings
lower noise, land, and water pollution
deteriorating infrastructure

164
Q

three social impacts of deindustrialisation

A

increase in unemployment
higher levels of crime
out migration

165
Q

decentralisation

A

movement to the outskirts of the city i.e. rural urban fringe

166
Q

three pull factors of decentralisation

A

accessibility
lower land value
businesses moving out

167
Q

three push factors of decentralisation

A

lack of redevelopment in the inner city
government encourages it for economic reasons
as the firm expands they may move out the city

168
Q

tertiary activities

A

financial services, retail, leisure, transport, education, and health

169
Q

quaternary activities

A

where knowledge or ideas are the main output eg advertising or computer programming

170
Q

rise of the service economy

A

a response to the decline in the manufacturing industry and includes tertiary and quarternary activities

171
Q

causes of the rise in the service economy

A

population growth
financial services needed to support manufacturing
society more technology and walthy

172
Q

case study for urban change

A

sheffield

173
Q

when did manufacturing begin to decline in sheffield?

A

factory closures began in 1970s through to the 80s

174
Q

…% of shrffield’s workforce were employed in manufacturing in 1971, which decreased to …% by 1984

A

50% 24%

175
Q

AMP in sheffield

A

the advanced manufacturing park, a 100acre site on the rural urban fringe has manufacturing and research facilities eg rolls royce

176
Q

how many people are employed by the AMP in sheffield

A

700 to 800

177
Q

in 2016 …% of sheffield’s population work in the manufacturing industry whereas …% work in the service industry

A

14% 82%

178
Q

Urban heat island

A

urban areas are warmer that their surroundings this effect is more noticeable at night

179
Q

venturi effect

A

squeezing the airflow between buildings

180
Q

albedo

A

reflecting/absorbing heat

181
Q

sky view factor

A

the amount of sky we can see without the view being obstructed by tall buildings

182
Q

specific heat capacity

A

the amount of energy needed to heat a surface by 1 degrees c

183
Q

downdraught effect

A

air deflected two ways bc of the building it only occurs on the windward side of the building

184
Q

particulate smog

A

the release of particles and noxious gases into the atmosphere (often from fossil fuel combustion)

185
Q

photochemical smog

A

creates smog consisting of ozone and PAN

186
Q

when was London’s pea souper

A

1953

187
Q

how many people died in london’s smog

A

4000 people died in 4 days

188
Q

when was the clean air act established

A

1956

189
Q

how have curitiba tried to reduce urban air pollution

A

805 of residents use the bus system

190
Q

urban areas have …% more precicpitaion than rural areas

A

5 to 15%

191
Q

Methods of reducing urban air pollution

A

Urban greening
Zoning of industry
Transport solutions

192
Q

Swales

A

The bits of grass ditch thing on pavements

193
Q

Where is Wessex water operations centre

A

Outskirts of bath

194
Q

Hydrograph

A

Shows the discharge of a river over the time period when the normal flow of a river is affected by a storm event

195
Q

Types of suds

A

Swales
Wetlands
Permeable pavements
Infiltration trenches

196
Q

Case study for suds

A

Wessex water operations centre

197
Q

Waste streams

A

The complete flow of waste from its domestic, commercial, or industrial source through to recovery, recycling, or final disposal

198
Q

river restoration case study

A

Cheonggyecheon River, south Korea

199
Q

when did the river restoration in Seoul begin?

A

2003 finished in 2005

200
Q

cost of Seoul river restoration

A

380 billion won

201
Q

visitors to seouls river restoration

A

in 10 years there were 190 million visitors

202
Q

workers for seouls river restoration

A

700 000 workers

203
Q

at wessex water operations system how big is the green roofs

A

700m^3

204
Q

in the uk …% of household waste is recycled

A

40%

205
Q

in the philippines …% of waste is recycled or composted

A

10%

206
Q

largest source of air pollution in mumbai

A

incineration of MSW§

207
Q

largest source of air pollution in London

A

non-road machinery i.e. cranes and heavy machinery

208
Q

nightly burning of waste in mumbai

A

particulate matter readings at 2000 microg/m^3 (safe is 150)

209
Q

dereliction

A

buildings that have been abandoned and left dilapidated caused by industrial decline

210
Q

when did redevelopment begin in battersea power station

A

2013 and will finish in 2026

211
Q

how much did battersea redevelopment cost

A

9 billion pounds

212
Q

when was battersea power station decommissioned

A

1983

213
Q

sustainable development

A

meeting the needs of the present generation without compromising the needs of futur generations

214
Q

urban change

A

deindustrialisation, decentralisation, rise of the service economy

215
Q

livebility

A

the characteristics of a city, which impact the quality of life for the people living there

216
Q

Population of London

A

8.7 mil

217
Q

Over …% of the worlds foreign equities are traded in London

A

40%

218
Q

…% of London’s business is international

A

80%

219
Q

Biggest cause of social inequality in London

A

Housing

220
Q

Life expectancy difference between the borough of Kensington and Chelsea compared to lewisham

A

5 year difference

221
Q

When was the water resources act established

A

1991

222
Q

What does the London sustainable drainage action plan do

A

Fitting suds as the sewer currently used is old n not made for a city of this size

223
Q

Where does the majority of London’s air pollution come from

A

Heavy machinery and non road Mobile machinery eg cranes they make up 14% of the sources of air pollution

224
Q

When was the London wetlands centre opened

A

2000

225
Q

What is the London wetlands centre

A

4 disused concrete lined reservoirs that were landscaped into an area of shallow lakes nods reed beds and grazing marsh

226
Q

London’s urban heat island

A

10 degrees c warmer in centre of London compared to surrounding rural areas

227
Q

What is the every child programme in newham, London

A

Offers children the chance to learn a new instrument or take part in cultural events (social developments to increase sustainability)

228
Q

…% of London’s population belong to non white btitish ethnic groups

A

50%

229
Q

Why is Mumbai a mega city

A

Population over 10 mil

230
Q

Mumbai generates …% of India’s gdp

A

5%

231
Q

Mumbai method of managing air pollution

A

14 monorails

232
Q

why is it crucial that singapore has an efficient system of waste collection and disposal

A

very limited land area and dense population

233
Q

how is waste collected in singapore and how often?

A

bin trucks once a fortnight

234
Q

where does the collected waste from singapore go

A

goes to recycling and incineratio plants or to semakau which is an offshore landfill

235
Q

how much of singapore’s waste produced in 2012 was recycled

A

60%

236
Q

how much of singapore’s waste produced in 2012 was incinerated and where does the incineration occur?

A

37% at 4 waste to energy plants

237
Q

how much of the waste that singapore produced was transported to semakau

A

3%

238
Q

what is semakau’s waste capacity

A

3 million m ^3

239
Q

what has been done to prevent water pollution from semakau

A

impermeable membrane lining the perimeter also layers of clay and rock

240
Q

how long is semakau estimated to last before becoming full and what happens after this?

A

1999-2045

singapore will once again have the dilemma of where to put their waste

241
Q

how much of singapore’s energy does waste burning generate

A

2-3%

242
Q

singapore waste: what could be done with the ash from incineration in the future and what would be the advantage of this?

A

used for pavements (currently being tested)

sends less to landfill

243
Q

what is the other use of semakau and what activities happen there

A

eco park

bird watching and stargazing

244
Q

how does semakau enhance biodiversity

A

home to more than 700 plants, animals, and endangered species

245
Q

what happened to the Cheonggycheon river 200 years ago

A

channelised and widened

246
Q

what happened to the Cheonggycheon river 40 years ago and what were the impacts of this?

A

piped and covered by road
increased air pollution in the city as more cars
made it difficult to repair the pipes as they were below ground

247
Q

how was the Cheonggycheon river restored?

A

removed the roads over 2 years
created bridges over the new river channel
bus lanes added

248
Q

Cheonggycheon river: how many bridges were installed and how many of them were pedestrian?

A

22 bridges

12 pedestrian

249
Q

Cheonggycheon river: how have cars been discouraged

A

rapid bus lanes increased bus usage by 15%

increase in pedestrian friendly areas

250
Q

Cheonggycheon river: why did loca businesses initially resist the renovation project

A

thought it would threaten their livelihoods

251
Q

Cheonggycheon river: how were the issues of local businesses addressed?

A

4000 debate meetings held

provided grants for businesses

252
Q

Cheonggycheon river: why were transport experts concerned about the highway removal?

A

thought it would increase congestion as the highway carried 169 000 vehicles per day

253
Q

what was the population of greater london by 2015 and what is it expected to reach by 2050

A

8.6 million

11 million by 2050

254
Q

what land area does london cover and what sort of land is it

A

1,750 km2

Lowland area as much of the city is built on the floodplains of the River Thames

255
Q

what evidence is there of postmodernism in london

A

Water Pumping Station, Isle of Dogs

human geog (3 decks)

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