Contemporary urban environments Flashcards
1
Q
Urban growth
A
The increase in the total population of a town or city
2
Q
Urbanisation
A
The increase in the proportion of the population living in urban centres
3
Q
Urban expansion
A
The increase in size or geographical footprint of a city
4
Q
Distinguish between urbanisation and urban growth
A
If urban growth and expansion is matched by population increase in rural areas then urbanisation is not occurring
5
Q
Why are urban centres important to human affairs?
A
Economic reasons Political power Social and cultural reasons The exchange of ideas The organisation of economic production
6
Q
Cause(s) of urbanisation
A
Economic opportunities attract migrants (rural-to-urban migration) then natural increase in population
7
Q
The __ largest cities in the U.K. Show that __% of businesses are found in cities
A
64 54%
8
Q
__% of the UK’s population live in cities
A
54%
9
Q
__% of jobs are found in the UK’s largest cities and __% of these are high-skilled jobs
A
58% 72%
10
Q
__% of new migrants to the UK live in urban areas
A
78%
11
Q
Push factors for migration to cities:
A
Poverty Agricultural problems Lack of medics Natural disasters War
12
Q
Pull factors for migration to cities:
A
Employment
Education
Health
Entertainment
13
Q
Steps for describing a pattern:
A
1- even /uneven distribution
2- highest/lowest values
3- anomalies
4- which value dominates
14
Q
urbanisation
A
an increase in the proportion of a country’s population that lives in towns and cities
15
Q
urban sprawl
A
the spread of an urban area into the surrounding countryside, it has many negatives including commuters
16
Q
decentralisation
A
movement of industry outwards causes a decline to the inner city
17
Q
example of shortage of housing to lower income countries due to urbanisation
A
the slum called Dhaka in Bangladesh
18
Q
how many people live in Dhaka
A
12 million, 4 million live in slums
19
Q
rate of urbanisation in Dhaka
A
1/2 million people come from the countryside to the city per year
20
Q
shortage of affordable housing in higher income countries due to urbanisation example
A
in some areas of London, house prices rose by 50% from 2010 to 2015 due to being a desirable place to live
21
Q
issue of lack or urban services and waste disposal due to urbanisation example
A
New Delhi, India and Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
22
Q
in 2015, how much piped water reached the slum areas of New Delhi
A
5%
23
Q
in Ethiopia, how much rubbish is the city authorities able to deal with
A
2/3
24
Q
transport issues created by urbanisation example
A
Mexico City
25
in Mexico City there are 20 million people, but how many cars are there?
5 million
26
suburbanisation
the movement of people from the inner parts of the city to the outer parts (facilitated by transport)
27
three push factors of suburbanisation
poor quality housing
decentralisation
slum clearance of the 50-70s
loss of jobs so services close
28
three pull factors of suburbanisation
more relaxed planning laws
better transportation
buisnesses moving out too
29
three impacts of suburbanisation on a city centre
dereliction
unemployment
economic and ethnic segregation
more commuters
30
three impacts of suburbanisation on the suburbs
ruined wildlife habitats
high risk of flooding
more car ownership
31
how do redevelopment schemes help manage suburbanisation?
improve brownfield sites to encourage buisnesses and people to return
32
what are green belts and what do they help manage
areas of countryside with restricted land use helps manage suburbanisaion
33
three methods of managing suburbanisation
redevelopment schemes
green belts
reduce traffic congestion
improved flood defences
34
brownfield site
derelict site in urban areas
35
greenfield site
new sites usually on agricultural land
36
three disads of brownfield sites
polluted
costly to reclaim
small
high density housing
37
Advantage of brownfield sites
already has some infrastructure
38
three advantages to greenfield sites
low density housing, high in demand, large space
39
two disadvantages to greenfield sites
difficult to get planning permossion and high industrial costs
40
counter urbanisation
the movement of people from large urban areas into smaller ones thereby skipping over the rural urban fridge (need for commuting)
41
example of a city affected by suburbanisaion
LA
42
cause of suburbanisation in LA??
electric tramways were built in 20s/30s and development of motorways in 80s made the suburbs accessible
43
two effects of suburbanisation in LA
urban smog and donut city
44
UK place affected by suburbanisation
Surbiton, South-West London
45
what was the population growth in Surbiton?
141 000 in 1971 to 160 000 in 2011 as a result of suburbanisation
46
three reasons people move to Surbition?
good transport links to the centre of london, good quality housing, wealthy areas (shops n restaurants), popular with families (schools n parks)
47
three issues suburbanisation has caused in Surbiton
congestion, high house prices,, economic segregation
48
percentage of car ownership in subition
70%
49
house prices is Subition
av selling price in 2012 was £406 000 UK av is £226 000
50
three strategies put in place to manage suburbanisation in Surbiton
widening roads so less congestion, Neighbourhood Committee involves local residents in decisions, campaign to put Surbiton to a different London travel zone to reduce travel fares.
51
three push factors of counter urbanisation
car n noise pollution, congestion, rise in house prices
52
three pull factors of counter urbanisation
less density packed housing, open space and clean air, computers so work from home
53
three positive impacts counter urbanisation has on rural areas
increased buisness, existing houses improved, more people to keep the schools open
54
three negative impacts counter urbanisation has on rural areas
development affects the character, rural services close (drive to urban), traffic, house prices increase
55
name a place experiencing counter urbanisation
St Ives Cambridge, UK
56
where is St Ives?
70 miles north of London
57
what's the population of St Ives?
n 1961 it was 3800 in 2010 it was 16 400
58
three impacts counter urbanisation has had on St Ives
congestion on A14 in rush hour, population structure changed from ageing to more under 16 than over 65, house prices rising, near river Great Ouse which floods
59
three management strategies in St Ives to help deal with counter Urbanisation
200 new homes built in 2010 (75 are affordable housing), primary schools expand to include 240 more places, flood protection works cost £8.8 mil
60
suburbanised village
associated with counter urbanisation
61
key features of a suburbanised village
```
original village core
infills
ribbon developments
adjuncts
isolates
```
62
original village core
oldest part sometimes characterised by a church
63
infils, modifications, and accretions
when open space is built on
64
ribbon developments
long, narrow patterns following the main roads (bc accessible)
65
adjuncts
large scale developments such as housing developments
66
isolates
including garden centres, caravan parks, and new industrial units
67
example of a suburbanised village
moreton in marsh
68
original village core in moreton
Curfew Tower and Redesdale Hall are the old buildings
69
Ribbon developments in moreton
Redesdale Place along the left side of the A429
70
adjuncts in moreton
Blenheim Place housing estate to the north east
71
isolates in moreton
Cotswold Business park, Fosseway Garden Centre
72
why can moreton not be considered a suburbanised village
it doesn't have any infills, modifications, and accretions as the land is privately owned by the Batsford Park Estate
73
urban resurgence
the regeneration, both economic and structural, of an urban area that has suffered a period of decline
74
rebranding
the transforming of run down areas into fashionable areas to live to attract young proffessionals
75
case study for resurgence
salford quays, manchester , uk
76
core of a mega/world city
the central area where decisions are made, have the most jobs, most affluent people etc
77
periphery of a mega/world city
out lying regions where less affluent, less economic value, more push factors etc
78
mega city
has over 10 million inhabitants
79
world city
not necessarily the largest in terms of pop but are disproportionately important in global economy
80
characteristics of a world city
cultural, production, business transport and trade, migration, political
81
eg of world city
london
82
cultural characteristics world city ondon
national theatres eg west end, good education (42 higher education institutes in london)
83
production hub characteristic world city london
dagenham the ford factory in london
84
business, transport, and trade characteristics/ world city/ london
heathrow airport, over 40% of world's foreign equities are traded there, over 30% world's currency exchange happens there, 80% london business is international
85
migration characteristics/ world city/ london
londoners speak over 300 languages and belong to 14 faiths
86
when did salford quays close
1982
87
how many jobs were lost from the closure of salford uays
3000
88
CBD
this central area contains the major shops offices and entertainment fecilities
89
flaws of the burgess model
perfect, cbd is central, no multi use areas, doesn't account for change, based on early 1900s western cities
90
pvli
peak land value intersection
91
flaws of bid rent theory
accounts for multi use areas but doesn't represent the layout of modern cities, suggests there's no shops or offices in the outskirts e.g. business parks
92
cultural diversity
existence of a variety of cultural/ethnic groups within a society
93
example of cultural diversity
spark brook, birmingham, 78% of residents don't identify as white british
94
diaspora
a group of people with similar heritage or homeland who have settled elsewhere in the world
95
eg of diaspora
leeds which used to be a hub of industry but is now deprived
96
economic inequality
the economic differences between people at a variety of scales, this is all relative and nt absolute like poverty
97
eg of economic inequality
mexico city in mexico
98
social segregation
groups of people living apart from the larger population for a variety of factors
99
urban social exculsion
economic and social problems faced by residents in areas of multiple deprivation
100
minority
less than 50%
101
issues created with cultural diversity
schooling difficult as not one collective language, hate crime, house prices rise as desirable for migrants
102
how many religions are found in mumbai
8
103
reasons for segregation
self segregation and forced segregation
104
self segregation
where the individuals take themselves away to certain area
105
forced segregation
where housing services or other external factors create a segregated urban area
106
post modernism
describes the changes western cultures and societies in the late 20th century it marked a move away from uniform and conforming 'modern' cities and a move towards different architectural styles
107
urban form
related to the physical characteristics that go towards making up an urban area
108
what does urban form include?
shape, size, density of population, configuration of the settlement
109
alpha city
ancient (been around for a long time) found in the developed oworld
110
beta city
house major parliaments eg the EU based in brussels
111
gamma cities
there for our convenience
112
physical factors in urban form
wet points, dry points, gap towns, resources, relief
113
wet points
areas that have a good water supply
114
dry points
areas that are away from the risk of flooding, this may change with sea level rise
115
gap towns
towns located between two areas of high land, its shape and size is restricted
116
human factors of urban form
trading centers, government policy, transport links
117
Modernism
Practicality
118
Classical
Making the buildings pretty
119
Post modernism
Making the buildings pretty but also practicle
120
NUL (new urban landscapes) - town centre redevelopment
Encouraging the development of other functions than retail to increase the attraction of the city centre - can involve constructing offices and apartments
121
Pros of town centre mixed development
Prevents CBD decline because risk of decline is spread out
122
Cons of town centre mixed development
Complex management
| Often on brownfield sites do limited expansion
123
Example of town centre mixed development
The Cube
Think Tank
more nightlife in Broad Street
Birmingham
124
NUL (new urban landscapes) - cultural and heritage quarters
Cultural production eg making things
| Heritage is history on the area often small scale industries
125
Pros of cultural and heritage quarters
Maintains sense of place
Bring in income
Buildings reused/repurposed
126
Cons of cultural and heritage quarters
Old things no longer relevant
| Expensive in maintaining
127
Example of cultural and heritage quarter
Jewellery Quarter in Birmingham
128
NUL (new urban landscapes) - gentrified areas
Individuals purchase and renovate run down properties/industrial space to make it more valuable and appealing
129
Pros of gentrified areas
Environmental benefits
Less commuters as more living in the city
Associated benefits with less commuters eg pollution
130
Cons of gentrified areas
Cutting corners in the process eg Grendel Tower where only £10mil spent on inexpensive cladding
131
Example of a gentrified area
Notting Hill London
132
NUL (new urban landscapes) - Fortress landscapes
Landscapes designed for security which can involve deliberate segregation of people to keep others safe
133
Pros of fortress landscapes
Super safe
134
Cons of fortress landscapes
Segregation
Intimidating
Cost of maintenance
135
Example of fortress landscapes
US embassy in London
136
NUL (new urban landscapes) - edge cities
Self contained settlements beyond the city boundary bc of urban sprawl
137
Pros of edge cities
Green space
| Lots of space to expand
138
Cons of edge cities
Social segregation eg white flight
Greenfield sites
Main city forgotten
139
Example of an edge city
LA
140
Urban structure of a post modern city
Multi nodal structure
141
Landscape of a post modern city
Redevelopment
Heritage
Interesting architecture
142
Economy of post modern city
Service sector
Niche markets
Globalised economy
143
Planning of a post modern city
Planned in fragments
Focussed on aesthetics
Expensive
144
Culture and society of a post modern city
Ethnic diversity
High degree of social polarisation
Consumption
Wealthiest live in cbd
145
Urban structure of modern city
Commercial centre
| PVLI
146
Landscape of a modern city
Functional buildings eg skyscrapers
147
Economy of a modern city
Industrial economy focussed on mass production
| Eg Detroit
148
Planning a modern city
Planned in totality
Open spaces
Eg Milton Keynes
149
Culture and society of a modern city
Class system
Homogeneity
Wealthiest live in suburbs
150
urban policy
the strategies chosen by local or central government to manage the development of urban areas and reduce urban problems
151
1979
UDC (urban development corporations)
| Property led
152
1991
City challange
| Partnership schemes
153
example of an udc
london docklands development corporation
154
example of a partnership schemes
hulme city challange partnership manchesterr
155
1997
new deal for communities
| area based initiatives
156
example of area based initiatives
devonport regeneration company
| plymouth
157
urban regeneration
the process of urban or rural improvement which may be economic social or environmental in nature
158
QUANGO
quasi-autonomous non-governmental organisation (funded by taxpayers not controlled by the government)
159
example of QUANGO
the environment agency
160
deindustrialisation
the decline of the manufacturing industry, found in northern england
161
causes of deindustrialisation
mechanisation
competition from abroad
reduced demand for traditional products (new technology)
162
three economic impacts of deindustrialisation
decline in property prices as out migration
increase in demand for state benefits
less disposable income
163
three environmental impact of deindustrialisation
derelict land and buildings
lower noise, land, and water pollution
deteriorating infrastructure
164
three social impacts of deindustrialisation
increase in unemployment
higher levels of crime
out migration
165
decentralisation
movement to the outskirts of the city i.e. rural urban fringe
166
three pull factors of decentralisation
accessibility
lower land value
businesses moving out
167
three push factors of decentralisation
lack of redevelopment in the inner city
government encourages it for economic reasons
as the firm expands they may move out the city
168
tertiary activities
financial services, retail, leisure, transport, education, and health
169
quaternary activities
where knowledge or ideas are the main output eg advertising or computer programming
170
rise of the service economy
a response to the decline in the manufacturing industry and includes tertiary and quarternary activities
171
causes of the rise in the service economy
population growth
financial services needed to support manufacturing
society more technology and walthy
172
case study for urban change
sheffield
173
when did manufacturing begin to decline in sheffield?
factory closures began in 1970s through to the 80s
174
...% of shrffield's workforce were employed in manufacturing in 1971, which decreased to ...% by 1984
50% 24%
175
AMP in sheffield
the advanced manufacturing park, a 100acre site on the rural urban fringe has manufacturing and research facilities eg rolls royce
176
how many people are employed by the AMP in sheffield
700 to 800
177
in 2016 ...% of sheffield's population work in the manufacturing industry whereas ...% work in the service industry
14% 82%
178
Urban heat island
urban areas are warmer that their surroundings this effect is more noticeable at night
179
venturi effect
squeezing the airflow between buildings
180
albedo
reflecting/absorbing heat
181
sky view factor
the amount of sky we can see without the view being obstructed by tall buildings
182
specific heat capacity
the amount of energy needed to heat a surface by 1 degrees c
183
downdraught effect
air deflected two ways bc of the building it only occurs on the windward side of the building
184
particulate smog
the release of particles and noxious gases into the atmosphere (often from fossil fuel combustion)
185
photochemical smog
creates smog consisting of ozone and PAN
186
when was London's pea souper
1953
187
how many people died in london's smog
4000 people died in 4 days
188
when was the clean air act established
1956
189
how have curitiba tried to reduce urban air pollution
805 of residents use the bus system
190
urban areas have ...% more precicpitaion than rural areas
5 to 15%
191
Methods of reducing urban air pollution
Urban greening
Zoning of industry
Transport solutions
192
Swales
The bits of grass ditch thing on pavements
193
Where is Wessex water operations centre
Outskirts of bath
194
Hydrograph
Shows the discharge of a river over the time period when the normal flow of a river is affected by a storm event
195
Types of suds
Swales
Wetlands
Permeable pavements
Infiltration trenches
196
Case study for suds
Wessex water operations centre
197
Waste streams
The complete flow of waste from its domestic, commercial, or industrial source through to recovery, recycling, or final disposal
198
river restoration case study
Cheonggyecheon River, south Korea
199
when did the river restoration in Seoul begin?
2003 finished in 2005
200
cost of Seoul river restoration
380 billion won
201
visitors to seouls river restoration
in 10 years there were 190 million visitors
202
workers for seouls river restoration
700 000 workers
203
at wessex water operations system how big is the green roofs
700m^3
204
in the uk ...% of household waste is recycled
40%
205
in the philippines ...% of waste is recycled or composted
10%
206
largest source of air pollution in mumbai
incineration of MSW§
207
largest source of air pollution in London
non-road machinery i.e. cranes and heavy machinery
208
nightly burning of waste in mumbai
particulate matter readings at 2000 microg/m^3 (safe is 150)
209
dereliction
buildings that have been abandoned and left dilapidated caused by industrial decline
210
when did redevelopment begin in battersea power station
2013 and will finish in 2026
211
how much did battersea redevelopment cost
9 billion pounds
212
when was battersea power station decommissioned
1983
213
sustainable development
meeting the needs of the present generation without compromising the needs of futur generations
214
urban change
deindustrialisation, decentralisation, rise of the service economy
215
livebility
the characteristics of a city, which impact the quality of life for the people living there
216
Population of London
8.7 mil
217
Over ...% of the worlds foreign equities are traded in London
40%
218
...% of London’s business is international
80%
219
Biggest cause of social inequality in London
Housing
220
Life expectancy difference between the borough of Kensington and Chelsea compared to lewisham
5 year difference
221
When was the water resources act established
1991
222
What does the London sustainable drainage action plan do
Fitting suds as the sewer currently used is old n not made for a city of this size
223
Where does the majority of London’s air pollution come from
Heavy machinery and non road Mobile machinery eg cranes they make up 14% of the sources of air pollution
224
When was the London wetlands centre opened
2000
225
What is the London wetlands centre
4 disused concrete lined reservoirs that were landscaped into an area of shallow lakes nods reed beds and grazing marsh
226
London’s urban heat island
10 degrees c warmer in centre of London compared to surrounding rural areas
227
What is the every child programme in newham, London
Offers children the chance to learn a new instrument or take part in cultural events (social developments to increase sustainability)
228
...% of London’s population belong to non white btitish ethnic groups
50%
229
Why is Mumbai a mega city
Population over 10 mil
230
Mumbai generates ...% of India’s gdp
5%
231
Mumbai method of managing air pollution
14 monorails
232
why is it crucial that singapore has an efficient system of waste collection and disposal
very limited land area and dense population
233
how is waste collected in singapore and how often?
bin trucks once a fortnight
234
where does the collected waste from singapore go
goes to recycling and incineratio plants or to semakau which is an offshore landfill
235
how much of singapore's waste produced in 2012 was recycled
60%
236
how much of singapore's waste produced in 2012 was incinerated and where does the incineration occur?
37% at 4 waste to energy plants
237
how much of the waste that singapore produced was transported to semakau
3%
238
what is semakau's waste capacity
3 million m ^3
239
what has been done to prevent water pollution from semakau
impermeable membrane lining the perimeter also layers of clay and rock
240
how long is semakau estimated to last before becoming full and what happens after this?
1999-2045
| singapore will once again have the dilemma of where to put their waste
241
how much of singapore's energy does waste burning generate
2-3%
242
singapore waste: what could be done with the ash from incineration in the future and what would be the advantage of this?
used for pavements (currently being tested)
| sends less to landfill
243
what is the other use of semakau and what activities happen there
eco park
| bird watching and stargazing
244
how does semakau enhance biodiversity
home to more than 700 plants, animals, and endangered species
245
what happened to the Cheonggycheon river 200 years ago
channelised and widened
246
what happened to the Cheonggycheon river 40 years ago and what were the impacts of this?
piped and covered by road
increased air pollution in the city as more cars
made it difficult to repair the pipes as they were below ground
247
how was the Cheonggycheon river restored?
removed the roads over 2 years
created bridges over the new river channel
bus lanes added
248
Cheonggycheon river: how many bridges were installed and how many of them were pedestrian?
22 bridges
| 12 pedestrian
249
Cheonggycheon river: how have cars been discouraged
rapid bus lanes increased bus usage by 15%
| increase in pedestrian friendly areas
250
Cheonggycheon river: why did loca businesses initially resist the renovation project
thought it would threaten their livelihoods
251
Cheonggycheon river: how were the issues of local businesses addressed?
4000 debate meetings held
| provided grants for businesses
252
Cheonggycheon river: why were transport experts concerned about the highway removal?
thought it would increase congestion as the highway carried 169 000 vehicles per day
253
what was the population of greater london by 2015 and what is it expected to reach by 2050
8.6 million
| 11 million by 2050
254
what land area does london cover and what sort of land is it
1,750 km2
| Lowland area as much of the city is built on the floodplains of the River Thames
255
what evidence is there of postmodernism in london
Water Pumping Station, Isle of Dogs
