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Human Geography AQA > Global systems 2 > Flashcards

Global systems 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

International trade

A

Exchange of capital, goods and services between countries

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2
Q

Visible trade

A

Physical goods being exchanged

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3
Q

Invisible trade

A

Trade of services are exchanges

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4
Q

Why establish a trade group?

A
  • Protect economies
  • Enhance growth and standard of living
  • Improve trade relationships and maintain peace
  • Collective bargaining
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5
Q

Trade blocs

A

Typically countries in specific regions that manage and promote trade activities

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6
Q

Economic Union

A
  • No barriers
  • Common outsider rules
  • Free movement of resources
  • Common economic policy
  • EU
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7
Q

Full integration 2

A
  • Behaves as one unit
  • US
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8
Q

Common market 4

A
  • No barriers
  • Common outsider rules
  • Free movement of resources
  • MERCO
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9
Q

Forms of trade blocs 5

A
  • Free trade area
  • Customs union
  • Common market
  • Economic union
  • Full integration
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10
Q

Customs union 3

A
  • No barriers to trade
  • Common rules against outsiders
  • EU relationship with Turkey
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11
Q

Free trade area

A

Eliminates barrier of trade (NAFTA)

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12
Q

Trade Bloc disadvantages 4

A
  • Unrestricted migration
  • Loss of control over read and economic policy
  • Economic dependance
  • Loss of domestic industry
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13
Q

Why is 5G significant?

A
  • Crucial for foundation of technology of future
  • Only a dew firms in market
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14
Q

Huawei in US is an example of what?

A

Flows of information and technology being restricted and policy having International consequences

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15
Q

5 eyes

A

Intelligence sharing agreement with US, Britain, Australia, Canada and New Zealand

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16
Q

Huawei significance

A
  • 3 billion users
  • Built more than 1500 mobile networks
  • 10% market share
  • Operations in 170 countries
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17
Q

Case Study of organisation reducing consequences of globalisation

A
  • Fairtrade
  • Organisation created to ensure farmers receive fair compensation
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18
Q

Banana trade

A
  • Example of how the flows of globalisation interact with one another
  • 100 billion consumed
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19
Q

Banana industry 3

A
  • Largest produces found in LIC tropical areas
  • India produces most
  • In past, dominated by TNCs but transitioned to independence (44%)
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20
Q

What has driven independence in banana industry? 3

A
  • Pressure by governments
  • NGO support
  • Not as profitable
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21
Q

Issues with banana industry caused by globalisation 4

A
  • Corporate power
  • Race to bottom price mentality
  • Working conditions
  • Single banana species used 47%
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22
Q

Fairtrade involvement in banana trade

A
  • Creation of cooperatives among farmers stabilising incomes
  • Economic and educational support
  • Improving infrastructure and sustainable practices
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23
Q

Benefits to communities by Fairtrade

A
  • 64% increase in wealth for farmers
  • 78% improvement in diets
  • Benefiting 6 million
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24
Q

Main drivers of demand for bananas

A
  • Population growth
  • Developing nations and growing incomes
  • Innovation
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25
Q

Country most dependant on bananas

A
  • Ecuador
  • 47% of agricultural production
  • Largest export
26
Q

Biggest importer of bananas

A
  • EU = 29%
  • US = 27%
27
Q

Importance of bananas for developing nations 3

A
  • Highest consumption found in LIC producers
  • Relied upon for balancing trade
  • Acts as food staple and income generation
28
Q

Challenges to banana industry

A
  • Disease affecting low biodiversity
  • Global competition
  • GMO
29
Q

Banana TNCs

A
  • Consumer pressure of lower prices
  • Clearing of land and pesticides
  • Destabilisation of countries
  • Exploitation of workers
30
Q

Benefits of TNC involvement in Banana trade 3

A
  • FDI improving infrastructure
  • Vertical and horizontal efficiencies
  • Improved accessibility of healthy food
31
Q

How many countries do bananas on average pass through for processing

A

6

32
Q

Banana republic

A
  • Central American nation dominated by TNCs
  • Overthrew governments in order to maintain exploitation
33
Q

Banana War 5

A
  • Started in 1990s where EU gave former colonised Caribbean preferential trade terms
  • Made bananas in Central America produced by TNCs lose demand, lobbied US gov
  • US raised tariffs on EU exports of wine etc
  • WTO rues it as anticompetitive forcing gradual change
  • EU pledged $200 billion in response
34
Q

Nations reliant on Russia for gas at more than 25% of energy mix 4

A
  • Germany
  • Turkey
  • France
  • Poland
35
Q

Proportion of Nat Gas passing through Ukraine

A

80%

36
Q

Why does Gazprom follow Russian government policies

A
  • Publicly owns 50%
  • Leverage of other shareholders
37
Q

Gazprom facts 3

A
  • 1/3 of worlds gas reserves
  • Responsible for 92% of Russia’s production
  • 460,000 employed
38
Q

When has Russia previously cut off gas supplies to further political agenda

A
  • Following 2006 protests against Pro-Russian government in Ukraine
  • 2008 when Ukraine considered joining NATO and EU
  • Gas cut off by Russia quadrupled prices
39
Q

Ukraine ties with wider world

A
  • Economic ties to both EU and Russia
  • Increasingly move towards West
40
Q

China in Africa 3

A
  • Debt trap diplomacy to grow international support and supply of raw materials
  • FDI into nations by Chinese firms develop infrastructure
  • Has also provided weapons
41
Q

Why are countries involved in affairs of other nations

A

As world has become increasingly global used nations reliance on others has meant they are directly influenced by internal affairs

42
Q

China debt trap diplomacy drawbacks 4

A
  • Has lead to growing debt crisis among developing nations
  • Allows China to seize control of important regions
  • Often doesn’t improve QOL of locals
  • Enriches Chinese companies
43
Q

Angola China diplomacy example 3

A
  • 465,000 barrels of oil daily exported
  • $2 billion package of loans and aid( road, internet, schools)
  • Follows path of Europe and US of exploitative trade deals
44
Q

European Union 5

A
  • Created in 1993 originates from former economic agreement
  • Largest political union, single market and aid donor in the world
  • 1/6 of global economy
  • 1/10 of global population
  • Made up of some of the wealthiest western nations
45
Q

WU benefits 5

A
  • Diplomatic strength in unity
  • Potential to compete with US and China for superpower status
  • Promotes peace and freedom of people
  • 10% GDP growth in new members
  • single currency and investment
46
Q

EU drawbacks 5

A
  • Decimation of national industries
  • Loss of sovereignty
  • Loss of neutrality
  • Favours big companies and nations
  • Bureaucracy
47
Q

ASEAN 5

A
  • Association of SouthEast Asian Nations (free trade area)
  • Features : Singapore, Thailand and Vietnam
  • Combined would 5th largest economy
  • 3rd largest workforce
  • Stability rather than innovate
48
Q

ASEAN benefits 5

A
  • improvements in cooperation
  • reduction in barriers of trade and investment
  • freedom of movement of FQP
49
Q

ASEAN drawbacks 4

A
  • Lacks diplomatic strength
  • Corruption
  • Disparity between nations
  • Prioritises national over regional interests
50
Q

Top export destinations for UK cars

A
  • 8/10 exported
  • Largest customer is EU
51
Q

Toyota internationally

A
  • 3rd largest manufacturer
  • 250,000 employed
  • UK’s 4th largest car exporter
  • First Euro factory in UK
52
Q

Why did Toyota move to Derbyshire

A
  • Can now produce in accordance with localised demand
  • Historical link to vehicle manufacturing
  • Large domestic market
  • Solid transport links and inward investment from Brit gov
  • Membership to Eurozone
  • English is business language
53
Q

Toyota in Derbyshire benefits

A
  • Direct Employment of 3000 and further indirectly
  • Infrastructure development
  • FDI
54
Q

Toyota in UK benefits

A
  • Tax revenue
  • 3000 jobs
  • Relative employment security
55
Q

Issues of Global trade 4

A
  • Instability in supply chains
  • Economic warfare
  • Primary product resource dependancy (Dutch Disease)
  • Exploitation of land and resources
56
Q

Benefits of Global Trade 5

A
  • Standard of living
  • Global competition, and innovation
  • Access to more resources
  • Diversified risk
  • Improved cooperation
57
Q

Role of TNCs in globalisation 4

A
  • Outsourcing
  • Homogenisation across markets
  • Movement of capital and people
  • May discourage trade with other nations (banana)
58
Q

TPP significance 4

A
  • Potential to represent 40% of the worlds output lost significance
  • US pulled out ( risked damaging domestic industry and NAFTA)
  • National interests coming before international (similar to Paris 2015)
  • Time lag of implementation
59
Q

Global Governance on different scales 3

A
  • Household (25% of all roofs of new developments need solar panels)
  • TNC scale ( Global rate of taxation in developed nations )
  • National ( overall emissions )
60
Q

Paris Agreement

A
  • Aims to limit global warming to 1.5°C
  • 185 have ratified
  • Global emissions need to fall by 3% a year

Human Geography AQA (11 decks)

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