Global Systems

Question 1

Economic interdependence (3)

Answer 1

Occurs through trade
HICs export manufactured goods and LICs export raw materials
Example = oil

Question 2

Social interdependence (2+)

Answer 2

When economic migrants provide labour in a country and in return bring newly acquired skills to home country
Example = in 2015 there were 244 million migrants globally

Question 3

Political interdependence (3+)

Answer 3

Work together to solve issues
Example = 2015-16 European migrant crisis
European countries worked together to support refugees from the conflict in Syria

Question 4

Environmental interdependence (3+)

Answer 4

Every country is reliant on each other to look after environment
Example = 1986 a reactor at the Chernobyl nuclear plant in Ukraine exploded
Radiation = cancer and birth defects

Question 5

What does interdependence create (3++)

Answer 5

Inequalities between countries and people in them
Tends to bring more benefits to HICs than LICs and richer rather than poorer
This is because flows are unequal

Question 6

What do unequal flows cause (3)

Answer 6

Inequality
Conflict
Injustice

Question 7

Benefits of flows (3)

Answer 7

Growth
Development
Stability

Question 8

Benefits to a flow of people (4)

Answer 8

Opportunity for work
Escape war or famine
Immigrants can create economic growth = do jobs that citizens can’t do /don’t want to do
Migrants send money back to families or home communities = remittance

Question 9

Unequal flows of people example (2+)

Answer 9

It’s easier for people from HICs to migrate than people from LICs
In 2017 UK citizens could travel to 173 counties without a visa while citizens of Afghanistan = 24

Question 10

Inequalities due to flow of people (3)

Answer 10

“Brain drain”
Skilled people move and take their knowledge with them
Reinforces existing inequalities

Question 11

Conflict due to flow of people (3+)

Answer 11

Low skilled migrants often prepared to work for less than low skilled locals
By employing = companies may depress wages for local pop.
Conflict between locals and migrants

Question 12

Injustice due to flow of people (2++)

Answer 12

Migrant workers = dangerous conditions for little money
Example = Quatar = several thousand migrants have died building facilities for the 2022 FIFA World Cup

Question 13

Benefits to flows of money (2++)

Answer 13

Includes remittances, foreign aid + FDI
FDI allows foreign countries to take advantage of cheap raw materials + low labour costs whilst host country benefit from capital and enterprise

Question 14

Why is flows of money unequal

Answer 14

Money often flows from HICs to LICs

Question 15

Unequal money flow = inequality (2)

Answer 15

Foreign aid = dependency = gov has little incentive to improve
FDI = force out local businesses

Question 16

Unequal flows of money = conflict (3++)

Answer 16

Foreign aid can find its way to armed groups = used to fund conflict
FDI create conflict betweeen foreign company and locals
Example = FDI in farming can lead to peasant farmers being evicted to create larger plantations

Question 17

Unequal flows of money = injustice (2++)

Answer 17

Companies may pressurise gov of LICs to pass laws to make it cheaper to invest there
Example = cutting environmental regulations or weakening laws on working conditions

Question 18

Befit to flows of ideas (2+)

Answer 18

Neo liberalism = max economic growth occurs if trade barriers removed and state owned companies are privatised and gov spending cut
Increased trade = development and less conflict

Question 19

Inequalities with u equal flow of ideas (2)

Answer 19

Neo liberalism tends to concentrate wealth in the hands of few
Exmaple = large TNC in HICs

Question 20

Unequal flows of ideas = conflict (3+)

Answer 20

If private companies and free trade in LIC are threatened by decisions of that countries gov
HIC May feel their intervention is justified
Leas to conflict

Question 21

Unequal flows on ideas = injustice (2+)

Answer 21

Gov and TNCs may argue free trade + privatisation = best way for country to develop
They may say it justifies poor working conditions and environmental degradation in LIC

Question 22

Positives of flows of technology (2+)

Answer 22

Can lead to rapid innovation that can help people all over the world
Example = technology companies in Silicon Valley, USA, have developed innovations in communications and healthcare

Question 23

Unequal flows of tech = inequalities (2+)

Answer 23

HICs can afford the latest technology, whereas LICs cannot
Countries with the latest technology can make products more cheaply and have better access to information and services due to better communication infrastructure

Question 24

Example of inequality due to ideas (3+)

Answer 24

In 2016 97% of Netherlands` citizens had access to the Internet
This compares to 20% in Myanmar
This gives HICs an advantage over LICs

Question 25

Conflict and injustice due to unequal flows of ideas

Answer 25

Repressive gov can use weapons tech sold to them by HICs to stop protests of their own people

Question 26

Globalisation makes countries more powerful than others (2+)

Answer 26

HIC + NEE + TNC have more money + tech = drive global systems to own advantage LIC = limited power

Question 27

Example of power imbalance (4+)

Answer 27

Biggest contributors to climate change = richest countries Reluctant to agree to proposal to limit climate change as may harm economy Countries most affected by climate change = poorest Example = Bangladesh is likely to be impacted significantly by rising sea levels + find it difficult to influence other countries to reduce greenhouse gas emissions because they lack power.

Question 28

Concerns about the global environment have led to what (3)

Answer 28

More international summits and the establishment of support structures Such as the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) These systems and supporting organisations = helped to improve co-operation, stability and development.

Question 29

What do the IMF and world bank do (3+)

Answer 29

Support the structure of the world’s economic and financial order Act as intermediaries in the flow of international capital Est. together at end of WW2 = provide financial stability

Question 30

What is the IMF (3)

Answer 30

Monitors the global economy Advises gov on how they could improve economic situation Gives loans to countries

Question 31

What is the world bank (3++)

Answer 31

Provides support for less developed countries + aims to reduce poverty Provides loans for less developed so they can invest in areas like health, education + infrastructure Money for loans comes from subscriptions form it’s member countries

Question 32

World bank and IMF differences (3/3)

Answer 32

IMF = last resort + prevent crisis WB = encourages start up enterprises IMF = 2300 staff WB = 7000 staff = much larger IMF = overseas global financial system WB = promotes economic development in developing countries

Question 33

Why do people think IMF and WB enforce inequality (2++)

Answer 33

Both based in USA and led by HICs so LICs have less influence over decisions Loans are conditional = LICs have to make chnages such as cutting regulation to receive loan

Question 34

How many members WTO

Answer 34

160

Question 35

Fastest growing economies (3+)

Answer 35

Asia Sub Saharan Africa = although there’s are large SoL gap their economies grow quicker than most developed countries

Question 36

Gini coefficient examples (2)

Answer 36

Sub Saharan Africa = risen by 9% between 1993 and 2008 China = increased by 34% in last 20 years

Question 37

Golden Arches theory of conflict (3+)

Answer 37

No two countries that both have McDonald’s have fought a war against each other since each got its McDonalds The theory has been disproved on a number of occasions BUT = legitimate point about economic integration decreasing the likelihood of armed conflict between countries

Question 38

Repatriation

Answer 38

The sending of money back to one’s own country

Question 39

Sovereignty

Answer 39

Right if a country to govern itself

Question 40

Surplus and deficit (2+)

Answer 40

Surplus = exports greater than imports Deficit = imports greater than exports

Question 41

Privatisation

Answer 41

Transfer of industry or service from public to private ownership / control

Question 42

Neo liberalism (3+)

Answer 42

Political approach that involves less gov control of the economy Involves removal of trade barriers + privatisation + cuts in gov spending Increases free trade

Question 43

What flows (4)

Answer 43

People Ideas Technology Money