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Geography Weston = Global Systems And Governance 🌍 > Global Commons + Antarctica > Flashcards

Global Commons + Antarctica Flashcards

1
Q

How much of earths surface is divided into soveign states

A

1/3

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2
Q

What are 4 global commons

A

Ocean
Atmosphere
Northern and southern polar regions
Outer space

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3
Q

What is the tradgeyof commons

A

Countries feelings they can exploit the global commons without dealing with the consequences

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4
Q

Pressures on the commons (5)

A

Tragedy of the commons
Industrialisation + development
New technology = accessible
Overfishing
Atmospheric pollution - CO2

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5
Q

Who wants global commons protected

A

WWF

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6
Q

What is the name of treaty and its aims - sea (2)

A

High seas treaty
Aims to put 30% of seas into protected areas by 2030

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7
Q

What % of worlds marine species were at risk of distinction

A

10%

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8
Q

High seas treaty = limits on what (3)

A

How much fishing
Routes of shipping lanes
Exploration activities e.g. deep sea mining

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9
Q

Antarctica physical geography (3)

A

Contains 90% of all ice on Earth + 70% of the Earth’s fresh water
99% land area covered by ice
It has no native (indigenous) population

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10
Q

Climate of Antarctica (3)

A

Coldest
Driest
Windiest

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11
Q

Avergae temp of Antarctica

A

-49°C

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12
Q

Percipitation in Antarctica (2)

A

200mm
Interior = 166mm

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13
Q

What is the Atlantic Convergence

A

A natural boundary in the Southern Ocean where cold Antarctic water meets the warmer water to the north
The mixing and upwelling of water creates this

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14
Q

4 main threats to Antarctica (4)

A

CC
Fishing + whaling
Minerals
Tourism and research

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15
Q

How much have temps risen in past 50y

A

3°C

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16
Q

How much have global sea levels risen becuase of melting sea ice

A

3mm a year since 1990

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17
Q

How does CC effect penguins

A

Adelie have declined and chinstraps are more adaptive

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18
Q

What wiped out in Antarctica by 1800

A

Fur seals of South Georgia – later South Shetland Isles

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19
Q

How does overfishing effect ecosystems (2)

A

Antarctic Krill are the most fished creature and in 2013 = 200 000 tonnes were fished
Knock-on-effect on larger fish, marine mammals and birds

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20
Q

Why don’t legal limits help fishing

A

Not easy to monitor

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21
Q

When + why whaling decline

A

1982 international whaling commission banned all commercial whaling

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22
Q

What country has started whaling

A

Japan

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23
Q

Which mineral deposits (3)

A

Coal
Oil
Gold + silver

24
Q

Pro elms with mining in A (3)

A

Not easy to reach
Not economically viable
Would have to overcome hostile environment

25
What prohibits mining in A
Protocol on environmental protection to Antarctica treaty
26
Why transport occur in. A
Advances in transport, technology and transport
27
Attractions in A (3)
Physical isolation Unspoilt landscapes Remarkable wildlife
28
How many visitors a year
75000
29
Negatives of tourism (4+)
Breeding happens during peak thrust time nov-march = can disturb breeding colonies of birds Tourism increases shipping and air travel which leads to water and air pollution Accidental introduction of invasive species Risk of boats grounding/hitting icebergs = November 2007 cruise ship struck ice and sank
30
What invasive species bought to A
Mediterranean mussels = these may alter food webs and ecosystems
31
Evidence tourism is ok (3)
Tour operators can only reach a small portion of Antarctica’s land and ice shelf Only 10 out of 200 landing sites show signs of wear and tear Tourism is financially exclusive = visitors tend to be responsible, well-educated and environmentally aware
32
Antarctica treaty system - tourism (3)
one ship at a time landing Limiting number of tourists ashore and time ashore Toilet waste is barrelled and transported home
33
How many scientists? How many stations? What do they do? (2/4)
4 000 50 stations Fund climatic + meteorological + biological geophysical and oceanographic research
34
List 2 issues linked to the research (2)
The works requires lots of facilities = roads + bases + places to store fuel Until 1980s waste was burned, thrown into sea or dumped
35
What does the research show? Links to Water and Carbon Cycles (2)
Antarctic research has provided the clearest link between levels of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere and global surface temperatures Ice core drilling gives information about past climatic conditions which can be revealed and interpreted
36
Is Antarctica a nation state
No
37
How many countries have territorial claim
7
38
ATS how many + when
1950 56
39
3 rules of ATS (3++)
Antarctica should only be used for peaceful reasons = no army bases or weapons Countries should cooperate on scientific research = share plans, researchers and results Should remain in the global commons = individual countries cannot make a claim to it
40
Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty - when + other name + what (3)
1991 Madrid protocol To protect the fragile environment
41
Rules of Madrid P. (4)
Protects plants, animals, regulates waste disposal and prevents pollution
42
Countries have to reach a consensus over all decisions - Madrid P. = impact
Tackling problems = slow + difficult
43
When is Madrid P done
2048
44
United National Environment Programme - what
The main institution governing the world’s environment
45
What is CCAMLR + limits (3)
Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources Individual countries protect their own interests Took 5 years for it to negotiate the creation of a marine protected area in the Ross Sea
46
International whaling commission when did it set up what + what + bad
Regulating whaling at a sustainable level Set up Southern Ocean whale sanctuary in 1994 Not monitoring number of whales properly
47
Whaling moratorium when did it ban whaling globally
1982
48
failure of moratorium (2+)
Greenpeace = the Whaling Moratorium is poorly enforced Countries like Japan have continued to kill large numbers of Antarctic whales for ‘scientific research’ despite the ruling
49
Success of moratorium
Whale pop in Antarctica have increased
50
Good about NGOs in. A
They don’t act on behalf of a country So can call international attention to any countries that are not keeping to the laws governing Antarctica
51
The Antarctic and Southern Ocean Coalition ASOC - when, by who and why
1978 Group of NGOs who were concerned that countries were planning to make it legal to search for oil, gas and minerals in A
52
ASOC successful (3+)
It monitors environmental changes in Antarctica Checks if countries are sticking to the rules Example = protecting the Southern Ocean Whale Sanctuary from attempts to re-establish commercial whaling and ensuring that krill populations are sustainable
53
How does ASOC MONITOR CC (2)
Checks melting ice, and sea levels It campaigns with other NGOs to reduce greenhouse gas emissions
54
Limitations of governance in A (2)
Decision making within the ATS can be problematic = if a country feels strongly about an issue, it can stop a resolution from going forward No legal penalties for violating agreement
55
Successes of governance in. A (3+)
Not had to have a review conference in 50 years All have enjoyed peaceful cooperation + freedom of research contributing significantly to the protect of the global environment and our knowledge of our earth ATS = one of the most successful sets of international agreements showing peaceful cooperation
56
How does monitoring CC effect daily life (3)
Using renewable energy sources, conserving electricity, using cars less
57
What does governance of Antarctica allow (2)
Greater scientific exploration Tourists to visit safely and securely

Geography Weston = Global Systems And Governance 🌍 (9 decks)

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