Global Commons + Antarctica Flashcards
How much of earths surface is divided into soveign states
1/3
What are 4 global commons
Ocean
Atmosphere
Northern and southern polar regions
Outer space
What is the tradgeyof commons
Countries feelings they can exploit the global commons without dealing with the consequences
Pressures on the commons (5)
Tragedy of the commons
Industrialisation + development
New technology = accessible
Overfishing
Atmospheric pollution - CO2
Who wants global commons protected
WWF
What is the name of treaty and its aims - sea (2)
High seas treaty
Aims to put 30% of seas into protected areas by 2030
What % of worlds marine species were at risk of distinction
10%
High seas treaty = limits on what (3)
How much fishing
Routes of shipping lanes
Exploration activities e.g. deep sea mining
Antarctica physical geography (3)
Contains 90% of all ice on Earth + 70% of the Earthβs fresh water
99% land area covered by ice
It has no native (indigenous) population
Climate of Antarctica (3)
Coldest
Driest
Windiest
Avergae temp of Antarctica
-49Β°C
Percipitation in Antarctica (2)
200mm
Interior = 166mm
What is the Atlantic Convergence
A natural boundary in the Southern Ocean where cold Antarctic water meets the warmer water to the north
The mixing and upwelling of water creates this
4 main threats to Antarctica (4)
CC
Fishing + whaling
Minerals
Tourism and research
How much have temps risen in past 50y
3Β°C
How much have global sea levels risen becuase of melting sea ice
3mm a year since 1990
How does CC effect penguins
Adelie have declined and chinstraps are more adaptive
What wiped out in Antarctica by 1800
Fur seals of South Georgia β later South Shetland Isles
How does overfishing effect ecosystems (2)
Antarctic Krill are the most fished creature and in 2013 = 200 000 tonnes were fished
Knock-on-effect on larger fish, marine mammals and birds
Why donβt legal limits help fishing
Not easy to monitor
When + why whaling decline
1982 international whaling commission banned all commercial whaling
What country has started whaling
Japan