Global patterns of disease - cancer Flashcards
What are the three classifications of disease?
- communicable
- non-communicable
- injuries
What is demographic transition?
From high birth rate and death rate to low
Describe epidemiological transition
Decline in mortality and infectious disease, and an increase in non communicable diseases and chronic conditions. Socio-demographic, cultural, environmental and health system changes occurring. Some diseases disappear and others re-emerge. Control of previous infectious disease but new ones emerge. Infectious diseases are replaced by degenerative and man-made ones.
What are the leading causes of global death and premature death (2012, non-infectious)?
- Ischaemic heart disease
- Stroke
- COPD
- Lower respiratory infections
- Trachea, bronchus and lung cancers
- HIV/AIDS
- Diarrhoeal disease
- Diabetes
- Road Injury
- Hypertensive heart disease
What are the leading causes of global death and premature death (2000, non-infectious)?
- Ischaemic heart disease
- Stroke
- Lower respiratory infections
- COPD
- Diarrhoeal diseases
- HIV/AIDS
- TB
- Preterm birth complications
- Trachea, bronchus and lung cancers
- Diabetes
What are epitransitions?
Disease patterns that change from being infectious to chronic and are driven by environment, diet and age
How many deaths occurred from cancer in 2012 and what was the incidence worldwide?
8 million
14 million - incidence
Which cancer are men and women at greater risk of?
men - prostate and lung
women - breast and cervical
Which cancers have the highest mortality in low income countries?
breast and cervical
In middle income countries, which cancer has highest incidence?
Breast
In middle income countries, which cancer has highest mortality?
Lung
Breast is 4th
Which cancer shows the lowest incidence and mortality in middle income countries?
Colorectal
Which cancers have the highest incidence in high income countries?
Breast, colorectal, lungs
Which cancer has the higher mortality rates in high income compared to low income countries?
Colorectal
What is the most common cause of premature cancer death in males?
Lung cancer
in West Indies, highest for liver cancer
What is the most common cause of premature cancer death in females?
Lung cancer (Europe, America, Canada and China). Elsewhere it is breast/cervical cancer
Why are the rates of breast cancer reducing?
due to screening and reduced use of hormone therapy
Why has stomach cancer rates reduced a lot since 1950?
Shown that decreased salt use and use of refrigeration (stopping contamination), reduced risk of cancer
What are some preventable cancer risk factors?
- smoking
- alcohol
- unsafe sex
- obesity
- contaminated injections
- air pollutants
- Smoke from coal
- low intake of fruit/veg
- physical inactivity
What are some agents related to cancer deaths?
- Hepatitis (liver)
- H. Pylori (stomach)
- HPV (cervical/oral/pharyngeal)
- EBV (lymphomas)
What are the main carcinogens?
- Tobacco
- Alcohol
- Air pollution
- Occupational Agents
- Fungus (Aspergillus)
In 2008, how many cancer deaths were due to infection (developed and developing countries)?
8% - developed countries
27% - developing countries
What are the three most commonly diagnosed cancers?
lung, breast and colorectal
What are the three cancers causing the most cancer deaths?
lung, liver and stomach
What fraction of cancers are preventable by lifestyle modification?
What is the biggest preventable cause of cancer?
1/3
smoking
In low income countries, which cancer has the highest incidence?
cervical/breast
In high income countries, which cancer has the highest mortality?
lung
