GLOBAL INTERDEPENDANCE

Question 1

visible goods

Answer 1

physical existence of goods

Question 2

invisible goods

Answer 2

services - intangible goods

Question 3

trade

Answer 3

exchange of goods or services

Question 4

imports

Answer 4

total value of goods into a country

Question 5

export

Answer 5

good or service sold to another country

Question 6

balance of trade

Answer 6

difference in value between imports and exports

Question 7

deficit

Answer 7

imports>exports

Question 8

surplus

Answer 8

imports

Question 9

tourism motivations

Answer 9

reason people travel

Question 10

Soft measures

Answer 10

eg. tourism internet sites and support for trade fairs

Question 11

Hard measures

Answer 11

incentives for forgein investment

Question 12

sustainable tourism

Answer 12

Tourism that does not destroy what it sets out to explore

Question 13

why is sustainable tourism difficult to achieve? (3)

Answer 13

• governments often reluctant to admit actual tourist numbers because they are desperate for forgein currency
• local people can’t compete with forgein multinationals on price and marketing
• difficult for forgein developers to consult local people

Question 14

multiplier effect

Answer 14

introduction of a new industry or the expansion of an existing industry in an area also encourages growth in other industrial sectors

Question 15

multiplier effect

Answer 15

introduction of a new industry or the expansion of an existing industry in an area also encourages growth in other industrial sectors (benefiting the economy through job creation and supply chain)

Question 16

economic leakage

Answer 16

revenue generated by tourism in one country is lost to other countries - eg. through package holidays

Question 17

potential leakage sources from tourism (7)

Answer 17

• payments to foreign owners of hotels and other facilities
• remittances sent home by foreign workers
• payment to foreign companies to build tourist infrastructure
• transport costs paid to airlines and other carriers
• foreign debt relating to tourism
• costs of goods and services imported for tourist industry
• transport costs paid to airlines and other carriers

Question 18

primary attractions

Answer 18

this which exist/created for non-tourism purposes (eg. coral reefs, temples, castles)

Question 19

secondary attractions

Answer 19

those which are created to satisfy needs on tourists (eg. hotels)

Question 20

mature destination

Answer 20

one which has reached stagnation and beyond

Question 21

stages of butlers model

Answer 21

• exploration
• involvement
• development
• consolidation
• stagnation
• rejuvenation/decline

Question 22

features of exploration

Answer 22

• small no. visitors for primary attraction

- tourism has no economic/social significance at destination

Question 23

features of involvement

Answer 23

• tourist number increase
• locals see benefits may be gained - there become involved, leading to secondary facilities
• tourism season may develop

Question 24

features of development (4)

Answer 24

• numbers increase
• TNCs take control of industry - package holidays normalised (niche to mass) - local involvement declines
• heavy advertising
• natural attractions adapted and marketed

Question 25

features of consolidation (4)

Answer 25

• location begins to loose attraction
• rate of growth slows but numbers still high
• economically tied to tourism
• arouses discontent/opposition from local people

Question 26

features of stagnation (5)

Answer 26

• visitor numbers peaked
• carrying capacity reached
• environmental social and economic issues
• resorts divorced from primary attraction
• well established image of the area but no longer fashionable

Question 27

features of decline (2)

Answer 27

• unable to compete with newer destinations - numbers drop

- primary attraction damaged due to continual overuse of resources / external shocks

Question 28

features of rejuvenation (2)

Answer 28

• major changes in attraction - exploitation of any untapped resources
• stabilises by cutting capacity levels

Question 29

why would rejuvenation occur?

Answer 29

because of perceived economic importance of the industry

Question 30

pros of butlers model (2)

Answer 30

• useful summary of stages that number of resorts (esp. med.) have gone through
• useful for resorts to track development - potentially avoid later stages by learning from past resorts mistakes?

Question 31

criticisms of butlers model (6)

Answer 31

• doesn’t apply to all locations (Eurocentric)
• limited practical use - no solutions provided
• doesn’t allow for external shocks
• lack of empirical support
• government action means decline may not happen - different tourism types eg eco may not apply
• doesn’t take into account national + gov. policy

Question 32

costa del sol involvement

Answer 32

1970s - 3 milion

farmland built on, infrastructure improved, transition from resource-based to demand based

Question 33

costa del sol expolration

Answer 33

0.4 million

beaches = primary attraction

Question 34

costa del sol development and consolidation

Answer 34

1980 - 7 million (carrying capacity = reached)
clubs, bars, restaurants
environmental degradation

Question 35

costa del sol stagnation

- gallons a day for luxury hotel?

Answer 35

late 1980s - no longer fashionable
attractive mountains blocked by buildings
beaches polluted - excess sewage and litter
strain on resources (60,000 gallons of water a day for a luxury hotel)

Question 36

costa del sol rejuvenation (responses)

Answer 36

1990
tidied beaches + achieved EU blue flag
vat cut to 6% to encourage tourist and businesses
tourism diversified to eco and heritage

Question 37

general tourism trend Spain

Answer 37

moved inland - historical and city based tourism gaining popularity (Madrid and Barcelona)

Question 38

factors affecting imports/exports (8)

Answer 38

• resource endowment
• comparative advantage
• locational advantage
• investment
• historical factors
• terms of trade
• trade agreements (eg. NAFTA)
• changes in global Market