Global Health Flashcards
Give some general trends in global health
Decline in mortality
Significant reduction in infections and deficiency
Increase in the role of chronic non-communicable diseases
Give some examples of chronic non-communicable diseases
Cancer, cardiovascular, chronic respiratory, and diabetes
What does epidemiological transition tend to accompany
Socio-demographic and health system changes
Why does health and disease pattern evolve
demographic, socioeconomic, technological, cultural, environmental and biological changes
Describe some epidemiological transitions
Emergence of new diseases e.g. AIDS decline in stomach cancer Rise and fall of lung cancer Shift from stroke to heart disease smallpox disappeared Re-emergence of TB and dengue
What are the highest non-infectious causes of mortality
Ischaemic heart disease and vertebrovascular disease
What proportion of deaths in most countries and worldwide does cancer cause
15% worldwide and 1/4 in countries
How is cancer burden shifting
Shifting to less developed countries, where 60% of cases are likely to occur
What does shift in cancer burden reflect
Changes in diagnosis, screening, exposures, and treatment
What are the top 3 most commonly diagnosed cancers
Lung
Breast
Colorectal
What are the top 3 most common causes of death by cancer
Lung
Liver
Stomach
How do cancer rates in migrants shift
Converges towards local cancer rates over time (modifiable risk factor role?)
What proportion of cancers are likely preventable through lifestyle change
1/3
What is the largest preventable cause of cancer
smoking
Why are Current cancer rates sometimes unreliable
Cancer can take 20 years to appear and are affected by changes and exposures that take place in the past
Give examples of how cancer may be caused by infection
Hepatitis - liver H. pylori - gastric HPV - cerviccal EBV - Hodgkins HIV - Kaposis/cervical
What proportion of deaths did infection cancers make up
8.1%
Define mortality
the number of deaths attributed to a specific condition in a given time period. Usually no. of deaths per 1000 individuals per year.
Define morbidity
The number of cases of ill health, complications side effects attributed to a particular condition over a particular time period. Measured by systems e.g. APACHE II, SAPS II, GCS, PIM2, SOFA.
Give the major risks for cancer
Smoking Low intake of fruit and veg alcohol use Unsafe sex Overweight and obesity physical inactivity contaminated injections in healthcare Urban air pollution Indoor smoke from household solid fuel use
Which diseases rank 1st and 2nd for cause-specific mortality worldwide
coronary heart disease and stroke - 29.5%
Where do most deaths from cardiovascular disease occur
Developed countries
Why is burden of disease likely to rise and where
demographic (ageing population). UK and other European countries
Which country has particularly low rates of cardiovascular disease
Japan
