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Epidemiology > Global Health > Flashcards

Global Health Flashcards

1
Q

Give some general trends in global health

A

Decline in mortality
Significant reduction in infections and deficiency
Increase in the role of chronic non-communicable diseases

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2
Q

Give some examples of chronic non-communicable diseases

A

Cancer, cardiovascular, chronic respiratory, and diabetes

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3
Q

What does epidemiological transition tend to accompany

A

Socio-demographic and health system changes

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4
Q

Why does health and disease pattern evolve

A

demographic, socioeconomic, technological, cultural, environmental and biological changes

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5
Q

Describe some epidemiological transitions

A 
Emergence of new diseases e.g. AIDS
decline in stomach cancer
Rise and fall of lung cancer
Shift from stroke to heart disease
smallpox disappeared
Re-emergence of TB and dengue
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6
Q

What are the highest non-infectious causes of mortality

A

Ischaemic heart disease and vertebrovascular disease

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7
Q

What proportion of deaths in most countries and worldwide does cancer cause

A

15% worldwide and 1/4 in countries

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8
Q

How is cancer burden shifting

A

Shifting to less developed countries, where 60% of cases are likely to occur

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9
Q

What does shift in cancer burden reflect

A

Changes in diagnosis, screening, exposures, and treatment

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10
Q

What are the top 3 most commonly diagnosed cancers

A

Lung
Breast
Colorectal

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11
Q

What are the top 3 most common causes of death by cancer

A

Lung
Liver
Stomach

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12
Q

How do cancer rates in migrants shift

A

Converges towards local cancer rates over time (modifiable risk factor role?)

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13
Q

What proportion of cancers are likely preventable through lifestyle change

A

1/3

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14
Q

What is the largest preventable cause of cancer

A

smoking

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15
Q

Why are Current cancer rates sometimes unreliable

A

Cancer can take 20 years to appear and are affected by changes and exposures that take place in the past

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16
Q

Give examples of how cancer may be caused by infection

A 
Hepatitis - liver
H. pylori - gastric
HPV - cerviccal
EBV - Hodgkins
HIV - Kaposis/cervical
17
Q

What proportion of deaths did infection cancers make up

A

8.1%

18
Q

Define mortality

A

the number of deaths attributed to a specific condition in a given time period. Usually no. of deaths per 1000 individuals per year.

19
Q

Define morbidity

A

The number of cases of ill health, complications side effects attributed to a particular condition over a particular time period. Measured by systems e.g. APACHE II, SAPS II, GCS, PIM2, SOFA.

20
Q

Give the major risks for cancer

A 
Smoking
Low intake of fruit and veg
alcohol use
Unsafe sex
Overweight and obesity
physical inactivity
contaminated injections in healthcare
Urban air pollution
Indoor smoke from household solid fuel use
21
Q

Which diseases rank 1st and 2nd for cause-specific mortality worldwide

A

coronary heart disease and stroke - 29.5%

22
Q

Where do most deaths from cardiovascular disease occur

A

Developed countries

23
Q

Why is burden of disease likely to rise and where

A

demographic (ageing population). UK and other European countries

24
Q

Which country has particularly low rates of cardiovascular disease

A

Japan

25
Q

Which sex has greater cardiovascular disease rates

A

Men

26
Q

How has mortality rates for coronary heart disease and stroke changed

A

Decline

27
Q

Give 3 risk factors for cardiovascular disease

A

High blood pressure
Smoking
Serum cholesterol levels

28
Q

What is the leading cause of death in sub-Saharan Africa

A

Infectious disease

29
Q

What are the top 6 leading causes of death due to infectious disease

A
  1. Lower respiratory infections
  2. HIV/AIDS
  3. Diarrhoeal diseases
  4. Tuberculosis
  5. Malaria
  6. Measles
30
Q

How was the AIDS epidemic controlled

A

Broad anti-retrovirals access
Effective HIV prevention methods e.g. condoms, injection practice, circumcision
Decline in HIV prevalence in pregnant women

31
Q

What is the limitation with the reduction in AIDS

A

Interventions have only been able to drive HIV infection rates down to a certain level and in order to further reduce incidence, biomedical tools will be needed (an effective vaccine)

32
Q

How is AIDS prevalence changing in the UK

A

no. of new cases is increasing but deaths has declined

33
Q

How is mortality calculated

A

deaths from disease/ population at the start

34
Q

Define case

A

Person who has the disease, health disorder or suffers the event of interest

35
Q

How do you calculate incidence

A

no of new cases in population in a given time period/ no disease free persons at beginning of time period

36
Q

How do you calculate prevalence

A

no of cases/no of people

Epidemiology (10 decks)

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