Global Health Flashcards
Give some general trends in global health
Decline in mortality
Significant reduction in infections and deficiency
Increase in the role of chronic non-communicable diseases
Give some examples of chronic non-communicable diseases
Cancer, cardiovascular, chronic respiratory, and diabetes
What does epidemiological transition tend to accompany
Socio-demographic and health system changes
Why does health and disease pattern evolve
demographic, socioeconomic, technological, cultural, environmental and biological changes
Describe some epidemiological transitions
Emergence of new diseases e.g. AIDS decline in stomach cancer Rise and fall of lung cancer Shift from stroke to heart disease smallpox disappeared Re-emergence of TB and dengue
What are the highest non-infectious causes of mortality
Ischaemic heart disease and vertebrovascular disease
What proportion of deaths in most countries and worldwide does cancer cause
15% worldwide and 1/4 in countries
How is cancer burden shifting
Shifting to less developed countries, where 60% of cases are likely to occur
What does shift in cancer burden reflect
Changes in diagnosis, screening, exposures, and treatment
What are the top 3 most commonly diagnosed cancers
Lung
Breast
Colorectal
What are the top 3 most common causes of death by cancer
Lung
Liver
Stomach
How do cancer rates in migrants shift
Converges towards local cancer rates over time (modifiable risk factor role?)
What proportion of cancers are likely preventable through lifestyle change
1/3
What is the largest preventable cause of cancer
smoking
Why are Current cancer rates sometimes unreliable
Cancer can take 20 years to appear and are affected by changes and exposures that take place in the past
Give examples of how cancer may be caused by infection
Hepatitis - liver H. pylori - gastric HPV - cerviccal EBV - Hodgkins HIV - Kaposis/cervical
What proportion of deaths did infection cancers make up
8.1%
Define mortality
the number of deaths attributed to a specific condition in a given time period. Usually no. of deaths per 1000 individuals per year.
Define morbidity
The number of cases of ill health, complications side effects attributed to a particular condition over a particular time period. Measured by systems e.g. APACHE II, SAPS II, GCS, PIM2, SOFA.
Give the major risks for cancer
Smoking Low intake of fruit and veg alcohol use Unsafe sex Overweight and obesity physical inactivity contaminated injections in healthcare Urban air pollution Indoor smoke from household solid fuel use
Which diseases rank 1st and 2nd for cause-specific mortality worldwide
coronary heart disease and stroke - 29.5%
Where do most deaths from cardiovascular disease occur
Developed countries
Why is burden of disease likely to rise and where
demographic (ageing population). UK and other European countries
Which country has particularly low rates of cardiovascular disease
Japan
Which sex has greater cardiovascular disease rates
Men
How has mortality rates for coronary heart disease and stroke changed
Decline
Give 3 risk factors for cardiovascular disease
High blood pressure
Smoking
Serum cholesterol levels
What is the leading cause of death in sub-Saharan Africa
Infectious disease
What are the top 6 leading causes of death due to infectious disease
- Lower respiratory infections
- HIV/AIDS
- Diarrhoeal diseases
- Tuberculosis
- Malaria
- Measles
How was the AIDS epidemic controlled
Broad anti-retrovirals access
Effective HIV prevention methods e.g. condoms, injection practice, circumcision
Decline in HIV prevalence in pregnant women
What is the limitation with the reduction in AIDS
Interventions have only been able to drive HIV infection rates down to a certain level and in order to further reduce incidence, biomedical tools will be needed (an effective vaccine)
How is AIDS prevalence changing in the UK
no. of new cases is increasing but deaths has declined
How is mortality calculated
deaths from disease/ population at the start
Define case
Person who has the disease, health disorder or suffers the event of interest
How do you calculate incidence
no of new cases in population in a given time period/ no disease free persons at beginning of time period
How do you calculate prevalence
no of cases/no of people
