Formative Flashcards
malaria is one of the six most common causes of death from infectious disease worldwide
True
chicken pox is one of the six most common causes of death from infectious disease worldwide
False
infectious diseases are the leading cause of death in Sub-Saharan Africa
True
the best indicator of the burden of an infectious disease is the number of deaths
False
because of the epidemiological transition, the burden of infectious disease in developing countries is set to worse
False
If an exposure and disease are statistically associated this means that the exposure causes the disease
False
systematic reviews and meta-analyses are at the top of the hierarchy of evidence
True
in the hierarchy of evidence, case-control studies provide stronger evidence than that from cohort studies
False
evidence-based medicine has replaced clinical decision making over the last 30 years
False
The 95% confidence intervals provide information that helps us determine whether a statistical association between an exposure and disease (expressed as a relative risk or odds ratio) could have occurred by chance
True
A lack of consistency between results from a number of studies using different study designs in different populations excludes a causal association
False
The association being assessed is less likely to be causal if it is consistent with evidence from animal experiments and known biological mechanisms
False
for a putative risk factor to be the cause of a disease, it has to precede the disease
True
A strong association, as measured by the magnitude of the relative risk, is more likely to be causal than a weak association
True
if increasing levels of an exposure lead to increasing risk of disease i.e. a dose-response relationship is found, this provides further evidence of causality
True
The presence of bias in an observational study of the effect of an exposure on disease risk implies the estimated relative risk of disease associated with the exposure is inaccurate
True
The presence of bias in an observational study of the effect of an exposure on disease risk implies there is a systematic difference between the observed association between exposure and disease and the hypothesized association between exposure and disease
False
The presence of bias in an observational study of the effect of an exposure on disease risk implies there are missing values in the response (disease outcome) measurements
False
The presence of bias in an observational study of the effect of an exposure on disease risk implies there is a systematic difference between the observed association between exposure and disease and the true association between exposure and disease
True
The presence of bias in an observational study of the effect of an exposure on disease risk implies there are missing values in the exposure measurements
False
is this study experimental: A study to assess the effect of regular exercise on the risk of coronary heart disease, by randomly allocating some patients to take part in a supervised exercise programme and the remaining patients to take no additional exercise
True
is this study experimental: A comparison of fasting glucose levels in patients with type 2 diabetes registered at a GP practice who were treated either with twice daily insulin therapy alone or with twice daily insulin therapy plus a new drug (Exenatide) claimed to boost the number of insulin-producing cells in the pancreas. Data on treatment regime were obtained from the GP’s records
False
is this study experimental: A study to assess the effect of regular exercise on the risk of coronary heart disease, by collecting information on exercise via a questionnaire as part of a health and lifestyle survey
False
is this study experimental: A comparison of glycaemic control (measured by plasma glycosylated haemoglobin levels) of patients with type 2 diabetes who were treated with either drug A or drug B in a randomized controlled trial
True