Global governance strategies

Question 1

Attempts to change and modernise norms

Answer 1

• Mass media intervention campaigns on sexual consent, unhealthy eating, racism and homophobia
• Social norms intervention, where awareness campaigns seek to promote reality, not misconceived norms e.g. “9 out of 10 men stop the first time a woman says no” - a US campaign called A Man Respects a Woman
• Laws - harmful norms can be legislated against, to send a message that they will not be tolerated e.g. banning of Dowry/child marriage in India

Question 2

The work of NGO’s, private organisations and human rights activists

Answer 2

• NGOs: Human Rights Watch and Amnesty International publicise human rights abuses by governments and lobby Western governments to intervene. They also provide legal and financial support for people whose rights have been violated.
• Human Rights Activists: e.g. Waleed Abulkhair. A Saudi Arabian activist, leader of the “Monitor of Human Rights in Saudi Arabia (MHRSA)” organisation. He campaigned against human rights abuses in Saudi Arabia and was imprisoned for 15 years

Question 3

Multinational companies (MNCs) and their corporate social responsibility (CSR)

Answer 3

e.g. JUNTOS shoe company - who donate a school backpack and stationery to Ecuadorian children for every pair of shoes sold

Question 4

Creation and application of international laws

Answer 4

E.g. Convention on the rights of persons with disabilities - 2008. Led to the Equality Act in 2010 in the UK

Question 5

Attempts to strengthen the rule of law

Answer 5

E.g. Extra police, especially female officers in India to combat gender based violence

Question 6

Use of legal international mechanisms

Answer 6

Such as the European Court of Human Rights and the International Criminal Court. E.g. John Bemba - a politician in the Democratic Republic of Congo was arrested and sentenced to 18 years in prison for war crimes and sexual violence

Question 7

The UN and its various agencies

Answer 7

Such as the Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR)

Question 8

UN peacekeeping operations

Answer 8

E.g. Sudan and Haiti

Question 9

Humanitarian military intervention

Answer 9

(e. gs.)- French Army in Mali

- UK and France in Libya

Question 10

Humanitarian relief (aid)

Answer 10

e.g. UN World Food Programme providing emergency food aid across the world

Question 11

The violation of human rights can be a cause of conflict (political, social, violent)

Answer 11

• Denial of basic human needs (food, shelter, water and education) can be an impact of a armed conflict, but also a cause of political and social conflict.
• Discrimination and denial of freedom in an undemocratic society can be the initial cause of a conflict (Syrian Civil War, Apartheid-era South Africa, Chinese student protests)
• Unrepresentative government in which certain groups (ethnic minorities or sometimes majorities) are excluded from decision-making, treated unfairly or overtly oppressed. E.g. Uyghur Muslim group in China, Rohingya Muslims in Myanmar (Burma)
• Genocide and torture. E.g. Rwandan civil war, ethnic cleansing of Bosnian Muslims in the Yugoslavian conflict of the 1990s

Question 12

Consequences of conflict that violates human rights

Answer 12

Right to life - soldiers or civilians face risks to their lives in conflicts. E.g. Syrian civil war - up to 166,000 military deaths and up to 400,000 civilian deaths