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Geography > Global Governance > Flashcards

Global Governance Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the concept of global commons?

A

The rights of all to the benefits of the global commons

The rights of all people to sustainable development, must also acknowledge the need to protect the global commons

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2
Q

What are the global commons?

A

Areas that aren’t owned by one place or organisation, owned by everyone

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3
Q

What are the pressures on global commons?

A
  • Industrialisation and development- increasing demand for resources
  • New technology- increased access
  • Waste
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4
Q

What are the problems at the global commons?

A

• Over fishing (taking more fish than is sustainable)
- affects food chain and damages coral reefs

• Atmospheric pollution
- causes climate change

• Increased carbon dioxide in atmosphere
- acidification of oceans

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5
Q

How do we protect the global commons?

A
  • Any use and development of the global commons must be sustainable
  • This requires global co-operation
  • The United Nations is the only universal and inclusive multilateral forum
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6
Q

What are the issues with current protection of global commons?

A

• Current protection frameworks are “complex and fractured”
• Large parts of the global commons are without regional agreements
-many agreements are outdated and don’t protect fully consider the impacts of human activities on the environment e.g. ecosystems

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7
Q

What is the definition of Antarctica?

A

The continent surrounding the South Pole

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8
Q

What is the Antarctic circle?

A

The line of latitude at 66° S, parallel to the equator

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9
Q

What is an ice shelf?

A

A sheet of ice which flats on the ocean but us attached to the land

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10
Q

What is the definition of the South Pole?

A

The furthest point south on Earth

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11
Q

What is the Antarctic Convergence?

A

The point at which colder Antarctic water meets warmer water to the north

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12
Q

What is the climate of Antarctica like?

A

• coldest, driest, windiest continent

  • average temperature is -49°c
  • most precipitation is frozen
  • gales occur on more than 40 days a year (mean speed of over 30m/s)

• a desert (less than 250mm of precipitation a year)

  • less than 166mm of precipitation a year at interior
  • 200mm of precipitation a year at coast
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13
Q

How much of the Earth’s ice does Antarctic hold?

A

90%

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14
Q

How much of the Earth’s fresh water does Antarctic hold?

A

70%

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15
Q

How much of Antarctica is covered in ice?

A

99% (only northernmost part of Antarctic Peninsula)

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16
Q

What illustrates how hostile Antarctica is for wildlife?

A

Only 2 flowering plants that can grow there

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17
Q

How does its latitude affect Antarctica’s temperature?

A 
Because it is between 60° and 90°S
Sun hits at a low angle 
The solar radiation is spread out over a large area
So it has less concentration
More energy is lost
And cooler temperatures
18
Q

Why does Antarctic have very little wildlife?

A

• It is very hostile (especially the interior)

  • cold temperatures
  • little precipitation (desert so less than 250mm a year)
  • little sunlight (due to its latitude)
19
Q

Why is there lots of wildlife at the Antarctic Convergence?

A

Warmer waters meet cooler Antarctic water
Created milder, temperature waters
Lots of krill
Can support large food chain

20
Q

How big is the continent of Antarctica?

A

It is the 5th largest continent (14 million km^2)

21
Q

Where is the continent of Antarctica located?

A
  • It is the southernmost continent
  • It contains the geographical South Pole
  • Almost entirely south of Antarctic circle
  • Surrounded by the Southern Ocean
22
Q

How does altitude affect temperature?

A

1°c decrease every 100m increase in altitude

23
Q

How does the distance from the sea affect temperature?

A

Oceans have a large amount of water
Water has a high specific heat capacity
Oceans take a long time to heat up/cool down

In winter, oceans are warmer than land
Warm breezes from ocean blow onshore
Coastal areas have warmer temperatures in winter than interior

In summer, coastal areas have colder temperatures than interior
So less extreme range in temperatures

24
Q

What is wind chill?

A

Wind blows away the warm layer of air emitted by your body
Makes you feel colder

Faster wind blows away heat quicker, so makes you feel even colder

Antarctica is very wind and has lots of gales
(gales can have average speeds of 30m/s)

25
Q

Why are the interior areas of Antarctica colder?

A

Interior have higher altitude, more southern latitude, and further from sea

In winter, monthly means below -60°c

26
Q

Which 4 factors affect temperature in Antarctica?

A
  • Latitude
  • Altitude
  • Distance from sea
  • Wind chill
27
Q

Why does altitude have a significant effect on the temperature of Antarctica?

A

Because it is the highest continent

The interior is a plateau
It’s highest mountain is almost 5000m above sea level

28
Q

What are the 4 threats to Antartica?

A

Climate change, whaling and fishing, mining for resources, and tourism and scientific research

29
Q

How does climate change impact Antartica?

A
  • 3mm sea level rise
  • Ronne and Ross ice shelves melting
  • Decline in Adelie penguins adapted to sea ice
  • 3°c warming since 1970 on West Coast
  • 80% of krill population depleted in last 50 years
30
Q

How does tourism and scientific research affect Antarctica?

A
  • Tourism increases shipping and air travel, so increases water and air pollution
  • Invasive species can be brought on boats/clothing
  • Tourists can disturb nesting birds
  • Tourists can trample ground and disturb fragike ecosystem (footprints on moss can last 40 years)
  • scientists require roads for transport, fuel ect.
  • until the 1980s most of the waste was burned or dumped in the sea
31
Q

How does mining for resources impact Antarctica?

A
  • currently illegal under the Antarctica Treaty (ends in 2048)
  • coal under the transatlantic mountains
  • not economically viable as covered in large amounts of ice
32
Q

How does fishing and whaling impact Antarctica?

A
  • Whaling was made illegal under the International Commission W/M
  • whaling stopped in 1982
  • Japan withdrew from this agreement in 2019 to resume commercial whaling
  • currently fishing is the biggest threat
  • more than 200,000 Antarctic Krill were fished in 2013
33
Q

How will (insert threat) be affected in the future?

A

……

34
Q

What are the successes of The Antartic Treaty System?

A

•

35
Q

What are the limitations of the Antarctic Treaty System?

A

•

36
Q

What is the definition of globalisation?

A

The process of the world economies, political systems, amd cultures becoming more connected with each other

37
Q

What is the definition of interdependence?

A

Countries are dependent or rely on each other

38
Q

Transnational corporation

A

Operates in more than one country. Often have beadauarters in one country and manufacture in another

39
Q

Global governance definition

A

The ways in which affairs affecting the whole world are managed

40
Q

Global institution

A

An international organisation that is composed of most of the countries in the world

Geography (6 decks)

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