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Geography > Contemporary Urban Environments > Flashcards

Contemporary Urban Environments Flashcards

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1
Q

Definition of urbanisation

A

Increasing percentage of people are living in towns and cities

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2
Q

Reasons for urbanisation

A

Rural to urban migration

Natural increase

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3
Q

Definition of suburbanisation

A

People living in the inner city moving to the outskirts of the city

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4
Q

Causes of suburbanisation

A

Inner city can be overcrowded so people want more space

Improvements to transport links mean people can commute

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5
Q

Definition of counterurbanisation

A

Movement of people from the city to surrounding rural areas

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6
Q

Causes of counter urbanisation

A

Houses are cheaper in rural areas
People may prefer quieter and less polluted rural areas
Improvements to technology mean people can work from home

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7
Q

Definition of urban resurgence

A

Movement of people back to the city centre

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8
Q

Causes of urban resurgence

A

People attracted by new developments or regeneration schemes such as South Bank, Leeds
People may move back because of a lack of jobs in the suburbs/rural areas

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9
Q

Impacts of urbanisation

A

Urbanisation can result in slum settlements such as favelas which are often unplanned and illegal

Most migrants are young adults and will have children so population increases further

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10
Q

Impacts of suburbanisation

A

Economic and social segregation

Wealthier people move to suburbs, poorer people left behind (often ethnic minorities)

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11
Q

Impacts of counterurbanisation

A

New housing estates built in rural areas
House prices increase
Local people (often young people) can’t afford to live there
Average age increases
Changes demographic characteristics of area

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12
Q

Impacts of urbanisation

A

New shops and services open in city as people move back
Boosts local economy and creates jobs
Locals may not be able to afford to live in area so have to move away to cheaper areas

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13
Q

Where is urban resurgence common?

A

Post industrial countries like the UK and US

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14
Q

What age are most migrants for urbanisation?

A

Young adults (of childbearing age)

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15
Q

What type of migrants are most common for suburbanisation and counter urbanisation?

A

Families when they decide to have children

People when they retire

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16
Q

What are the names of the three different urban policies for regeneration in Britain since 1970?

A

Property Led UDCs
Partnership Schemes City Challenge
Area-based initiatives -New Deal for communities (NDC)

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17
Q

What is the named example of Property Led- UDCs?

A

London Docklands Development Corporation (LDDC)

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18
Q

What is the named example for Partnership Schemes- City Challenge?

A

Hulme City Challenge Partnership, Manchester

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19
Q

What is the named example for Area-based initiatives (NDCs)?

A

Devonport Regeneration Company, Plymouth

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20
Q

What are the successes of Property Led Schemes?

A

Attracted business to rundown area and improved the environment of the area
Attracted over £12 billion in private sector
Created almost 200,000 jobs

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21
Q

What are the limitations of the Property Led schemes?

A

Didn’t tackle social problems
Local people had little involvement
Ignored needs of local people such as suitable jobs or affordable housing

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22
Q

What are the successes of Partnership Schemes- City Challenges?

A

Created over 50,000 jobs and improved over 400,000 houses
Equal importance to buildings, people, and values
Bidding judged to have more successful regeneration schemes

23
Q

What are the limitations of the Partnership Schemes- City Challenges?

A

Resources thinly spread over large areas
Money lost by local authorities preparing for bid, if they didn’t win it
Areas that had previously won money for need wouldn’t get it again if there bid was unsuccessful

24
Q

What are the successes of the Area-based initiatives (NDC)?

A

Improvements in 32 out of 36 core indicators (including education, worklessness, crime, health)
Gaps between National and local authorities narrowed
Greater range of people attracted to area in Devonport

25
Q

What are the limitations of Area-based initiatives (NDC)?

A

Little change in worklessness and education

More positive change for place related outcomes than people related ones

26
Q

What is the definition of deindustrialisation?

A

The loss of jobs in the manufacturing industry from the 1960s onwards

27
Q

What was the cause of deindustrialisation?

A

Lower labour costs in NEEs

Mechanisation (less people needed)

28
Q

What was the cause of decentralisation?

A

Businesses (and offices and shops) relocated to the suburbs as land prices in cities increased
This caused a decline in city centres

29
Q

What is the definition of the rise of service economy?

A

An increase in the amount of people working in the tertiary and quaternary sectors

30
Q

What is the definition of a world city?

A

A city that has influence over the whole world

A global centre for finance, politics, culture, trade, or business

31
Q

What is the definition of a town centre mixed development?

A

An area where land use is mixed (residential, leisure, commercial)
Planned by councils but using private investment
Aims to attract people back to city centre

32
Q

What is an example of a town centre mixed use development?

A

Southbank in Leeds

luxury flats, restaurants, offices

33
Q

What is the definition of a culture and heritage quarter?

A

An area of a city focussed on its history or character

34
Q

What is an example of a cultural and heritage quarter?

A

Jewellery quarter in Birmingham

35
Q

What is the definition of a gentrified area?

A

An area which has had social housing bought by private individuals, regenerated, and sold for profit

36
Q

What is an example of a gentrified area?

A

Brick Lane in London

37
Q

What is the definition of a fortress development?

A

Development for residential or retail use with lots of security

38
Q

What is an example of a fortress development?

A

Los Angeles

Gated communities, 24 hour security, armed guards

39
Q

What is the definition of an edge city?

A

An area on the outskirts of a city with mixed land use (shops, leisure facilities, offices, and often some housing)

40
Q

What is an example of an edge city?

A

Barra de Tijuca in Rio de Janeiro

41
Q

What is the definition of a post-modern western city?

A

A city (often in developed countries) that has moved away from uniformity in architecture with more fragmented urban form

42
Q

What is an example of a post modern western city?

A

London

Shard, Walky Talky building

43
Q

What are the characteristics of a post-modern western city?

A
  • Fragmented urban form
  • Social and Economic polarisation
  • Shift to tertiary and quaternary workforce
  • Unique architecture- less practical more artistic
44
Q

What are the characteristics of a cultural and heritage quarters?

A
  • presence of cultural production (making art/music) or cultural consumption (going to shows at theatres, art galleries)
  • theatres, art galleries, historical buildings, museums
45
Q

What are the characteristics of an edge city?

A
  • Most people travel there to work or use services there
  • Develop close to transport links
  • Most developed after 1960s in America
46
Q

What are the characteristics of a gentrified area?

A
  • Range of services
  • Pubs turn to wine shops, and corner shops turn to coffee shops
  • High quality housing
  • Established residents feel alienated and priced out
47
Q

What are the characteristics of a fortress development?

A
  • Gated communities with electronic control for access or guards
  • More speed bumps and street lights
  • Often in suburban areas
  • Cul-de-sacs, front hedges, fences
48
Q

What are the characteristics of a town centre mixed development?

A
  • Retail, residential, entertainment, business

* Luxury flats, offices, shops, restaurants

49
Q

What is the cause of town centre mixed developments?

A
  • Deindustrialisation caused urban decline
  • People didn’t want to come into city centre
  • perceived high crime
  • transport issues
  • social problems
  • high unemployment rate
  • derelict buildings

• Competition from out of town shopping centres meant meant didn’t have to come into city centre

50
Q

What is the cause of cultural and heritage quarters?

A
  • To regenerate former derelict areas

* Developed by councils

51
Q

What is the cause of gentrified areas?

A
  • Support from government
  • Change in composition of families
  • People what to move to ‘edgy’ areas
  • Reduced commuting costs
  • Rent gap
52
Q

What is the cause of fortress developments?

A
  • Designed to provide a safe environment

* Recently, trying to design out crime

53
Q

What is the cause of post-modern western cities?

A
  • Planned in fragments

* Focus on aesthetic needs rather than social

54
Q

What are the causes of edge cities?

A 
• Urban sprawl
• Commuting is more common
- willingness to drive long distances
- higher car ownership
• Limited planning restrictions in suburbs

Geography (6 decks)

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