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Human Geography > global gov (3.2.1.3) > Flashcards

global gov (3.2.1.3) Flashcards

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1
Q

why have trends and patterns in trade changed?

A

due to globalisation

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2
Q

what has happened since 1980s to the volume and value of trade?

A

increased

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3
Q

what type of country is the largest exporter and importer?

A

HICs and most export production in NEEs/ LICs

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4
Q

who are the largest exporter?

A

china

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5
Q

what are the 4 main reasons there has been a change in patterns/ trends of trade?

A
  • trade blocs= increased free trade
  • free market (neoliberal ideas (WTO))
  • increase of fair trade
  • increase of middle class in NEEs
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6
Q

what has happened since 1980 to investment?

A

the volume has increased

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7
Q

what is the changing pattern from 1980-now

A

investment went HIC>HIC

now with chinas open door policy HIC>LIC

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8
Q

what is FDI attracted by? 3

A
  • size of market
  • stability of market
  • resources (minerals)
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9
Q

what case study is used for world trade in one food commodity?

A

bananas

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10
Q

where are bananas mainly grown? (3)

A
  • Asia
  • Latin America
  • Africa
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11
Q

who is the largest producer of bananas?

A

India and china (larger international Market)

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12
Q

who is the largest exporter of bananas?

A

Latin America- carribean

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13
Q

who are the biggest consumers of bananas?

A

EU (50%) and US (18%)

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14
Q

the banana market is dominated by TNC who is the largest TNC in the banana market and what %?

A

Chiquita (45%) or market share

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15
Q

what is the issue with large TNCs dominating the market?

A

leads to inequality of products

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16
Q

what is a trade war?

A

ban on trade (often a political move)

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17
Q

give an example of a trade war?

A
  • 1973 oil crisis
  • OPEC proclaimed an oil ban on US and so the oil prices in US ^x4
  • Trump puts in sanctions today against china
  • increased tariffs to encourage consumers to buy American products
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18
Q

what does TNC stand for?

A

transnational corporation (companies in 2+ countries)

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19
Q

what do TNCs dominate?

A

world trade

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20
Q

what are TNCs responsible for?

A

developing a global supply chain

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21
Q

what is the common spatial organisation of TNCs? 3

A
  • most research and development in HICS (silicone valley)
  • manufacturing where labour is cheaper/ less enviro regulations
  • factories where market is (less tax)
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22
Q

what is the common production of TNCs?

A

-offshoring/outsourcing to increase profits (cheaper labour) this creates a global supply chain

23
Q

what are linkages?

A

TNCs make links to expand their operation

24
Q

what are the different types of linkages? 5

A
  • mergers
  • acquisition
  • FDI
  • vertical integration
  • horizontal integration
25
Q

what is a merger?

A

two companies of similar size join (exon+mobile 1998 oil)

26
Q

what is an acquisition?

A

where a company buys another company (Facebook/ instagram)

27
Q

what is an FDI?

A

investment of money into a company/ country includes merges/ acqusitions

28
Q

what is vertical integration?

A

takes over supply chain (shell)

29
Q

what is horizontal integration?

A

similar stage/ size of production

30
Q

at the TNC host country what are the social pos/neg (1 each)?

A

√ skilled jobs

x poor working conditions

31
Q

at the TNC origin what are the social pos/neg (1 each)?

A

√ high skilled jobs

x deindustrialisation

32
Q

at the TNC host country what are the £ pos/neg (1 each)?

A

√ multiplier effect (FDI)

x eco leakages

33
Q

at the TNC origin country what are the £ pos/neg (1 each)?

A

√ low prices

x TNC dominate (clone town)

34
Q

at the TNC host country what are the enviro pos/neg (1 each)?

A

√ sustainable technology

x environmental pollution

35
Q

at the TNC origin country what are the enviro pos/neg (1 each)?

A

√ renewable technology

x environmental pollution

36
Q

what TNC case study can you use?

A

APPLE

37
Q

where are the apple HQ/ R+D

when built

A

apple park, silicone valley, Cupertino, California

started building 2013 opened 2017

38
Q

where/when is the apple EU headquarters and online support?

A

Hollyhill, Cork, Ireland 1980

39
Q

how many employees are housed at cork, Ireland HQ?

A

6,000

40
Q

how many employees are housed at California HQ?

A

12,000

41
Q

where are most of the apple assembly factories?

A

china o

42
Q

where is production outsourced to for the making of apple products?

A

Foxconn- Taiwanese company

43
Q

how many jobs does apple provide across the whole 50 states of America?

A

2,000,000

44
Q

how many treaties stores does apple have world wide?

A

511 (2021)

45
Q

what are the total assets of apple 2021?

A

$351 billion

46
Q

what are 3 main factors that have brought apples success?

A
  • well designed products
  • innovative products
  • slick marketing
47
Q

name 3 positive of apples impact on Ireland?

A
  • attracted highly skilled workers
  • contributed to infrastructural improvements of the city
  • has enhanced the republics reputation for hosting high tech TNCS which contributed to the ‘Celtic tiger’ economy
48
Q

what is the main negative of apples involvement in Ireland?

A

most of the highly skilled workers in Hollyhill are foreign nationals so apple is accused of not creating sufficient work for the local people

49
Q

what is the issues with chinas working conditions?

A

-working conditions: 2006 reported that 200,000 workers who lived in the Shenzen factory were regally working more than 60 hr per week for $100 a month which half was taken for living expensive (38p per hr) “sweatshop conditions”

50
Q

what is the issues with chinas health and safety conditions?

A

2010 50 workers from Lianjian technology were poisoned by a toxic chemical used to clean iPad screens and sued apple

51
Q

what is the issues with chinas student and child labour practises?

A

Foxconn used students and children as a way of maintaining low costs and a flexible labour force

52
Q

what was a result of a the stress caused by the apple workers?

A

suicide- in 2009 a Foxconn worker committed cuicide after coming under pressure following the disappearance of a prototype model of the iPhone 4. by the end of 2010, 14 suicides had occurred due to the severe working conditions

53
Q

what was apple criticised on environmentally by Greenpeace?

A
  • its reliance own non-renewable resources
  • use of toxic chemicals
  • discharge of toxic chemicals into local water supply
  • lack of recyclability of apply products
54
Q

how did apple respond to its environmental criticisms? (4)

A

-uses 75% renewable energy
-investing in large solar panels to power its data centres
-remove PVC plastics form products
-promotes recycling of products
as a result it has moved up the green flag electronics ranking form 11th in 2006 to 6th in 2012

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