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Contemporary urban environments Flashcards

1
Q

what is urbanisation?

A

increase in proportion of people moving to urban areas

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2
Q

globally are there more people living in urban or rural areas?

A

Urban

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3
Q

what % of people live in urban areas?

A

55%

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4
Q

what percentage of people living in urban areas be by 2050?

A

68%

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5
Q

what was the urban population in 1950?

A

70 mill now 4.2 bill

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6
Q

what is urban sprawl

A

urban areas spreading and becoming larger

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7
Q

what is suburbanisation?

A

where urban areas grow so that rural areas become absorbed into urban areas

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8
Q

when does suburbanisation usually occur?

A

wealthier people move away from city into suburbs, demand for housing causes sub areas to grow

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9
Q

example of suburbanisation?

A

stoke Gifford (S Gloucestershire) pop increase by 40% 2001-2011 rapid urbanisation

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10
Q

2 issues with suburbanisation ?

A

inner cities= deprived

house prices= in suburbs increase

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11
Q

what is a strategy used to limit suburbanisation?

A

green belt land- areas around city where building is restricted in order to preserve rural areas

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12
Q

what is an issue with green belt land?

A

not always successful

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13
Q

what is counter urbanisation?

A

moving from urban to rural

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14
Q

why does counter urbanisation occur?

A

urban life is unsatisfactory

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15
Q

what is urban resurgence?

A

process of people moving back into city

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16
Q

when does urban resurgence mostly occur?

A

schemes improving q of life in city

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17
Q

what do urban resurgence schemes also encourage?

A

regeneration

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18
Q

what % of highly skilled jobs are in the city?

A

72%

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19
Q

what is an issue with urban resurgence?

A

socio-economic- wealth in new areas old areas struggle with money

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20
Q

what are mega cities?

A

population +10million

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21
Q

2 megacities in 1950 what were they?

A

NY and tokyo

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22
Q

many many mega cities in 2016?

A

31

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23
Q

how many mega cities by 2030?

A

43

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24
Q

Asia accounts for how many mega cities?

A

more than half

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25
Q

what is a huge advantage of mega cities?

A

rapid eco growth

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26
Q

what are world cities?

A

cities that have significant political and £ influence on a global scale

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27
Q

example of world cities?

A

London, New York, Tokyo

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28
Q

these cities usually drives what globally?

A

economies and businesses offer hubs for banking and finance

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29
Q

world cities are also characterised for their what?

A

rich culture and influence over social affairs

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30
Q

urbanisation causes cities to develop and change, what are social changes?

A
  • migration= multiculturalism
  • cultural hubs
  • jobs= q of l
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31
Q

urbanisation causes cities to develop and change, what are economic changes?

A
  • urban growth- businesses

- eco inequalities

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32
Q

urbanisation causes cities to develop and change, what are technological changes?

A

urban- centres for tech advances

new tech- cities first

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33
Q

urbanisation causes cities to develop and change, what are political changes?

A
  • central political institutions

- political movements (extinction reb)

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34
Q

urbanisation causes cities to develop and change, what are demographic changes?

A
  • diverse
  • young adults- social
  • older people move into rural areas
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35
Q

what is deindustrialisation?

A

the decline of an industry within a country, measured by the reduction of industry employment

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36
Q

when did deindustrialisation begin?

A

mid 20th century in developing countries

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37
Q

in recent years its more common due to industries struggling to compete with what?

A

cheap labour, manufacturing costs

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38
Q

what is the main issue caused for people due to industrialisation?

A

unemployment

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39
Q

what is the chain of events caused by industrialisation?

A
  • unemployment
  • insufficent support for new employment
  • no £
  • depletes q of life
  • social deprivation
  • bad health, edu, crime
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40
Q

in the 1990’s and 1980’s deindustrialised cities were known as high/low wage; high low welfare:
stoke?

A

stoke: low wage high welfare

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41
Q

in the 1990’s and 1980’s deindustrialised cities were known as high/low wage; high low welfare:
cardiff?

A

low wage low welfare

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42
Q

in the 1990’s and 1980’s deindustrialised cities were known as high/low wage; high low welfare:
London, Cambridge, reading?

A

high wage low welfare

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43
Q

where did highest % of low earners tend to work?

A

industrial regions

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44
Q

what type of work did high earning cities work?

A

in tertiary/ quaternary sectors

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45
Q

what is a service economy?

A

economy where the dominant source of economic growth is through providing services rather than goods

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46
Q

what is rising affluence ?

A

services have grown to support the rising of disposable income of those spending in service industry

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47
Q

what is technological change?

A

its enabled industries to relocate and expand without geo barriers through transport/ communication

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48
Q

originally the service sector grew to support what sector?

A

manufacturing

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49
Q

primary and secondary industries needed the support financially to allow their business to what?

A

grow successfully

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50
Q

recently there has been a huge rise in what based economy?

A

service (high skilled workers )

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51
Q

what is decentralisation?

A

urban development away form the city centre

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52
Q

why do companies try to stay away from city centres?

A

cheaper land than CBD

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53
Q

what issues can companies basing away from the city centre cause?

A

drives customers away from city centre, leads to city centre degradation

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54
Q

why has urban regeneration become a priority for British gov?

A

because of the socioeconomic/ environmental effects of deintrialistaion

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55
Q

in 1979 what policies were implemented to improve conditions of cities ?

A

urban regeneration policies

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56
Q

between 1980-1998 what was their urban focus?

A

UDC- effective use of land, and housing facilities

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57
Q

between 1981 - now what was their focus?

A

enterprise zone

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58
Q

what is an enterprise zone?

A

economic insencentives - tax breaks, gov help

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59
Q

how many enterprise zones where there in 2012 compared to now?

A

24 (2012) 48 (2022)

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60
Q

what was the aim in 1982- now

A

regenerating urban areas

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61
Q

what was the aim in 1992- 2008

A

national regeneration angency aimed to develop derelict areas

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62
Q

1990’s to now aims?

A

7 new bottom up approach- community encouraged to be part of rengeration process

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63
Q

what does a cities urban forms refer to?

A

Physical characteristics- layout/landsize/ land use

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64
Q

many urban areas are established in areas with favourable resources such as?

A

access to foo, water, fertile land, security

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65
Q

urban forms change over time in different ways based on what?

A

physical and human factors

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66
Q

what are some physical factors if urban forms (4)?

A
  • natural resources-local access to building materials
  • water- necessary
  • topogrpahy- falt topogrpahy is easy to build on
  • climate and land type- unstable land, water logged, expensive to build on limits urban growth
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67
Q

name 4 human factors of urban forms?

A
  • wealth and development- HICS development= safe
  • planning- planned development= safe
  • patterns of growth- land prices high in CBD
  • past developments- OG structure of city may change how city develops
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68
Q

land use has developed and changed in recent years to enhance what?

A

social, envirmnetal, and economic aspects of city life

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69
Q

there has been an emergence of new urban land scapes such as?

A

cultural/ heritage quarters
mixed use developments
edge cities
fortress developments

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70
Q

why are mixed use developments used?

A

in older developments residential, commercial and industrial areas were separated into districts and not mixed caused a lot of travelling, M.U.D means people don’t have to travel a lot

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71
Q

why were cultural heritage quarters created?

A

leisure/ attraction for tourists

72
Q

what are Cultural heritage quarters?

A

large areas in urban areas recognised as having particular cultural importance

73
Q

what is an edge city ?

A

an area of business, shops and entertainment services on outskirts of city. GOOD TRANSPORT LINKS

74
Q

why do edge cities develop?

A

cheaper land outside of CBD

75
Q

example of fortress development?

A

gacted community

76
Q

what are fortress development?

A

secured of from public, cctv, gated

77
Q

why are fortress developments used?

A

safe space for people

78
Q

what is the concept of a post modern western city?

A

contempory cities are managing their industries, architecture and land use in order to keep with socio economic changes

79
Q

the term western means

A

wealthier, higher income

80
Q

what are P.M.W.C characterised by?

A

unusal architecture

81
Q

2 main industry sectors in PMWC

A

tertiary/ quaternary

82
Q

are all things characterised in one area?

A

no they are fragmented urban forms

83
Q

what is gentrification?

A

process of housing improvement on a piecemeal basis. associated with LIC

84
Q

gentrification is the consequence of what change in urban areas?

A

economic/ social

85
Q

5 main reasons for gentrification?

A 
gentrification gap
change in household 
idealic inner city 
cultural & creative opportunities 
encouraged locally (improve status )
86
Q

what are the 7 steps for gentrification?

A

lower middle migrate to cheap run down areas
pioneers renovate areas
places gain fashionable status- attract young people
private sectors investors buy renovate more homes
gov invest as a growth place
wealthy migrants move in
house £ increase above average salary, locals pushed out

87
Q

name three benefits of gentrification ?

A

increase in number if businesses
increase in tax revenue of local authority
improved physical enviro

88
Q

name three negatives of gentrification?

A

low income priced out
tension between old and new residents
threat to community

89
Q

is the CBD the newest or oldest part of the city usually?

90
Q

do the ages of buildings increase or decrease further distance from city centre?

91
Q

in LICS what is inner city land use for?

A

luxury apartments, high class estates

92
Q

in HICS what in inner city land use for?

A

industrial cites, high rise flats (worse Q of L )

93
Q

in HICS what are sub urban areas used for?

A

large open spaces, expensive/ large housing

94
Q

In HICS where do wealthier live ?

A

outskirts of city, better Q of L

95
Q

in HICS where is poverty focused?

A

inner city areas, worse Q of L

96
Q

in LICS where are wealthier people focused?

A

coast (rio)

97
Q

in LICS where are poorer people focused?

98
Q

why is 3 inequality more server in poor countries?

A

don’t have wealthier resources to support poorer populations accessibility to work= no income

99
Q

LICS crime is high name a gang that pose problems in Brazil?

A

The Red Commando- drug trafficking in favelas

100
Q

accessibility can be severely limited by what?

A

poor transport links

101
Q

what is a result of limited transport links?

102
Q

there is direct link between accessibility and what?

103
Q

what is the reason for richly diverse cities?

A

International migration

104
Q

why do people migrate to cities?

A

-better work opportunities
-better services
Better quality of life

105
Q

what are three positive of culturally diverse cities?

A
  • celebrate tourism/ cultures/ increasing tolerance
106
Q

what are three negatives of culturally diverse cities?

A
  • can be a lot of prejudice/ racism
  • may feel underrepresented
  • may be little resources available
107
Q

what is social segregration?

A

where people live apart due to money, ethnicity, religion and age

108
Q

social segregation can lead to many issues within urban areas?

A

areas of racism
people isolated
deprived areas
neglected by gov

109
Q

what are 4 strategies to manage urban areas?

A
  • city minimum wage (higher than rest because cost of living is higher= reduces £ inequality)
  • fair rent
  • recognising informal housing issues (squatters)
  • encouraging multiculturalism (“Notting Hill carnival”)
110
Q

how can retraining manage urban issues?

A

a population with skills in primary sector need to be retrained to new service economy- diversifying skills

111
Q

how can economic policies manage urban issues?

A

local gov promote a place through favourable policies to taxes (boosterism)

112
Q

how can environmental policies manage urban issues?

A

gov set environmental standards that closing industries must abide by so derelict land is not toxic waste

113
Q

how is investing in infrastructure such as high-speed railway good for urban issues?

A

improves accessibility to regenerate regions

114
Q

how does migration/ deregulation of capital markets improve urban issues?

A

growth & derelict investment

115
Q

business environments with areas for developments?

A

attract foreign investment

116
Q

what do local interest groups create?

A

regeneration programes

117
Q

what is the European social fund?

A

tackle poverty/ social exclusion by increasing employment and helping people access sustainable employment.

118
Q

what is reurbanisation ?

A

large scale gov based movement of people into the city centre as part of regeneration

119
Q

3 trends in re-urbanised areas ?

A
  • increase in studentifictaion
  • increase rapid population
  • growth of 24h culture attracts to CBD
120
Q

what affects urban climate?

A

urban characteristics

121
Q

what is the urban heat island effect?

A

where the characteristics of urban areas and activity cause the areas to produce/ retrain more heath than surrounding areas

122
Q

urban heat islands develop due to what 3 reasons?

A
  • wasted heat form urban activities (traffic)
  • urban materials (urban surfaces absorb more solar energy lower albedo), tarmac emit absorbed heat as a long wave radiation (heats surroundings)
  • lack of evaporation
123
Q

what happens to rainfall In urban areas?

A

more rainfall and more intense events

124
Q

more rainfall and more intense events in urban areas are due to what? (3)

A
  • atmospheric instability
  • alternating wind patterns
  • aerosoles
125
Q

as urban areas what is there less off in terms of weather?

A

snow, frost and hail

126
Q

why are wind patterns altered in urban areas?

A

large buildings

127
Q

what is wind speed in urban areas?

A

slower due to buildings friction as a barrier

128
Q

why do turbulence occur in urban ares?

A

frictional drag ?

129
Q

what is frictional drag?

A

air deflected and swirl like a vortex

130
Q

air quality is significantly poor in urban areas due to what?

A
  • vehicle exhausts= pollution- particle matter
  • coal burning factories produce particulates (sulphur dioxide)
  • construction work
131
Q

why is photochemical smog caused by?

A

particles reacting with UV light from sun

132
Q

what causes harmful secondary pollutants?

A

nitrous oxide and volatile organic carbons reacting with sun light

133
Q

where is photochemical smog more prevalent?

A

sunnier countries with more UV light to fuel the reactions

134
Q

what is photochemical smog?

A

cool air trapped below warm air

135
Q

why does photochemical smog stay at ground level?

A

temperature inversion

136
Q

why is smog bad for humans?

A

respiratory problems

137
Q

name 5 ways to reduce air pollution?

A
  • laws for car (MOT)
  • clean air legislation (congestion zone)
  • uk ban on petrol cars 2035
  • electric cars
  • pedestrianised areas
138
Q

why can’t water infiltrate ground water stores?

A

impermeable surfaces

139
Q

how does water flow in urban areas

A

surface run off

140
Q

what have been built in urban areas to direct water elsewhere?

A

drainage structure

141
Q

in heavy rainfall periods where does rain water flow?

A

directly into river

142
Q

heavy rainfall causes floods to have to what (flood hydrograph)?

A

short lag time and high peak discharge

143
Q

how much is the London congestion charge?

A

£13.50/£15

144
Q

what time does it operate?

A

7am to 10pm

145
Q

when did the congestion charge start?

146
Q

do taxis have to pay for the congestion charge? what do the taxis have to be?

A

No- electric

147
Q

what are the bike called in London?

A

boris bikes

148
Q

what is special about the shape of the M25?

A

orbital motorway

149
Q

When did the M25 open and by who?

A

1986 Margret thatcher

150
Q

why was the M25 created?

A

relieve traffic in London

151
Q

why did the M25 have to be widened ?

A

increase of usage

152
Q

urban river catchment can be managed in order to reduce what?

A

issues associated with urban H2O cycle

153
Q

what is dredging? negative impact?

A

sediment removed from river Chanel with digger to reduce flooding- causes flooding down stream

154
Q

what are damns/ reservoirs?

A

barrier that stops or restricts the flow of surface water or underground streams- neg enviro damage

155
Q

flood defence/ water channel management examples? negative?

A

flood defence- flood wall/ drainage pipes
water channel- alternating H2O courses forces water out of urban areas
neg- worst flooding down stream

156
Q

SUSTAINABLE URBAN DRAINAGE SYSTEMS (SUDS)

what are suds?

A

systems designed to manage flow of urban water sustainably?

157
Q

what techniques are used to create SUDS ?

A

natural drainage systems

158
Q

4 examples of SUDS?

A
  • permeable surfaces
  • green roofs
  • ponds
  • Swales (liner depressions in grass slowly transporting H2O along the way)
159
Q

URBAN WASTE

3 sources of waste in urban areas?

A

1) industrial- from factories
2) commercial- from shops
3) personal- home waste

160
Q

name 4 ways waste can be managed in urban areas?

A
  • recycling (use again)
  • incineration (burning waste )
  • trade (selling)
  • unregulated (fly tipping )
161
Q

WASTE IN CONTRASTING AREAS

Hics produces less what type of waste then LICS/NEES

162
Q

developing countries are increasingly developing into what societies?

A

consumerist

163
Q

what waste culture is there in developing countries?

A

‘throw away’

164
Q

developing countries usually produce more waste but have better systems to?

A

collect waste

165
Q

what % of waste is burnt or dumped illegally in lics?

166
Q

SUSTAINABLE URBAN DEVELOPMENT

what do emissions cause? and contributes to?

A

air pollution

global warming

167
Q

ECOLOGICAL FOOTPRINT OF URBAN AREAS

what is an ecological foot print?

A

measure of how much we consume in comparison to how much the earth can regenerate

168
Q

what is a large foot print?

A

comsumption is large compared to earths ability ti deal with waste and make new materials

169
Q

urban areas have a higher ecological footprint than rural due to what? (3)

A

transport- cars- fossil fuels
building materials- large areas need more materials
need of population- large pop- more things- more waste

170
Q

DIMENSIONS OF SUSTAINABILITY

What is natural sustainability?

A

how successfully the environment is managed

e.g. use of natural materials

171
Q

what is physical sustainability?

A

ability for the cities resources to support current and future populations

172
Q

what should be available to people for a city to be physically sustainable ?

A

good homes and transport links

173
Q

what is social sustainability?

A

ensuring residents have a good q of l

174
Q

STRATEGIES TO DEVLOP SUSTAINABLE CITIES

how can reducing waste help sustainability?

A

effective recycling facilities, encourage compost, reduce packaging

175
Q

how can public transport help sustainability?

A

less cars on road, Zurich- bus stops every 300m and low fares

176
Q

sustainable green space examples?

A

green roofs/parks can reduce pollution. improves cities physical/ Social/ enviro/ sustainability

177
Q

efficient building example for sustainability?

A

bedzed- south facing windows, sun no need for heating. solar panels reduce need for heat resources

Human Geography (10 decks)

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