Contemporary urban environments Flashcards
what is urbanisation?
increase in proportion of people moving to urban areas
globally are there more people living in urban or rural areas?
Urban
what % of people live in urban areas?
55%
what percentage of people living in urban areas be by 2050?
68%
what was the urban population in 1950?
70 mill now 4.2 bill
what is urban sprawl
urban areas spreading and becoming larger
what is suburbanisation?
where urban areas grow so that rural areas become absorbed into urban areas
when does suburbanisation usually occur?
wealthier people move away from city into suburbs, demand for housing causes sub areas to grow
example of suburbanisation?
stoke Gifford (S Gloucestershire) pop increase by 40% 2001-2011 rapid urbanisation
2 issues with suburbanisation ?
inner cities= deprived
house prices= in suburbs increase
what is a strategy used to limit suburbanisation?
green belt land- areas around city where building is restricted in order to preserve rural areas
what is an issue with green belt land?
not always successful
what is counter urbanisation?
moving from urban to rural
why does counter urbanisation occur?
urban life is unsatisfactory
what is urban resurgence?
process of people moving back into city
when does urban resurgence mostly occur?
schemes improving q of life in city
what do urban resurgence schemes also encourage?
regeneration
what % of highly skilled jobs are in the city?
72%
what is an issue with urban resurgence?
socio-economic- wealth in new areas old areas struggle with money
what are mega cities?
population +10million
2 megacities in 1950 what were they?
NY and tokyo
many many mega cities in 2016?
31
how many mega cities by 2030?
43
Asia accounts for how many mega cities?
more than half
what is a huge advantage of mega cities?
rapid eco growth
what are world cities?
cities that have significant political and £ influence on a global scale
example of world cities?
London, New York, Tokyo
these cities usually drives what globally?
economies and businesses offer hubs for banking and finance
world cities are also characterised for their what?
rich culture and influence over social affairs
urbanisation causes cities to develop and change, what are social changes?
- migration= multiculturalism
- cultural hubs
- jobs= q of l
urbanisation causes cities to develop and change, what are economic changes?
- urban growth- businesses
- eco inequalities
urbanisation causes cities to develop and change, what are technological changes?
urban- centres for tech advances
new tech- cities first
urbanisation causes cities to develop and change, what are political changes?
- central political institutions
- political movements (extinction reb)
urbanisation causes cities to develop and change, what are demographic changes?
- diverse
- young adults- social
- older people move into rural areas
what is deindustrialisation?
the decline of an industry within a country, measured by the reduction of industry employment
when did deindustrialisation begin?
mid 20th century in developing countries
in recent years its more common due to industries struggling to compete with what?
cheap labour, manufacturing costs
what is the main issue caused for people due to industrialisation?
unemployment
what is the chain of events caused by industrialisation?
- unemployment
- insufficent support for new employment
- no £
- depletes q of life
- social deprivation
- bad health, edu, crime
in the 1990’s and 1980’s deindustrialised cities were known as high/low wage; high low welfare:
stoke?
stoke: low wage high welfare
in the 1990’s and 1980’s deindustrialised cities were known as high/low wage; high low welfare:
cardiff?
low wage low welfare
in the 1990’s and 1980’s deindustrialised cities were known as high/low wage; high low welfare:
London, Cambridge, reading?
high wage low welfare
where did highest % of low earners tend to work?
industrial regions
what type of work did high earning cities work?
in tertiary/ quaternary sectors
what is a service economy?
economy where the dominant source of economic growth is through providing services rather than goods
what is rising affluence ?
services have grown to support the rising of disposable income of those spending in service industry
what is technological change?
its enabled industries to relocate and expand without geo barriers through transport/ communication
originally the service sector grew to support what sector?
manufacturing
primary and secondary industries needed the support financially to allow their business to what?
grow successfully
recently there has been a huge rise in what based economy?
service (high skilled workers )
what is decentralisation?
urban development away form the city centre
why do companies try to stay away from city centres?
cheaper land than CBD
what issues can companies basing away from the city centre cause?
drives customers away from city centre, leads to city centre degradation
why has urban regeneration become a priority for British gov?
because of the socioeconomic/ environmental effects of deintrialistaion
in 1979 what policies were implemented to improve conditions of cities ?
urban regeneration policies
between 1980-1998 what was their urban focus?
UDC- effective use of land, and housing facilities
between 1981 - now what was their focus?
enterprise zone
what is an enterprise zone?
economic insencentives - tax breaks, gov help
how many enterprise zones where there in 2012 compared to now?
24 (2012) 48 (2022)
what was the aim in 1982- now
regenerating urban areas
what was the aim in 1992- 2008
national regeneration angency aimed to develop derelict areas
1990’s to now aims?
7 new bottom up approach- community encouraged to be part of rengeration process
what does a cities urban forms refer to?
Physical characteristics- layout/landsize/ land use
many urban areas are established in areas with favourable resources such as?
access to foo, water, fertile land, security
urban forms change over time in different ways based on what?
physical and human factors
what are some physical factors if urban forms (4)?
- natural resources-local access to building materials
- water- necessary
- topogrpahy- falt topogrpahy is easy to build on
- climate and land type- unstable land, water logged, expensive to build on limits urban growth
name 4 human factors of urban forms?
- wealth and development- HICS development= safe
- planning- planned development= safe
- patterns of growth- land prices high in CBD
- past developments- OG structure of city may change how city develops
land use has developed and changed in recent years to enhance what?
social, envirmnetal, and economic aspects of city life
there has been an emergence of new urban land scapes such as?
cultural/ heritage quarters
mixed use developments
edge cities
fortress developments
why are mixed use developments used?
in older developments residential, commercial and industrial areas were separated into districts and not mixed caused a lot of travelling, M.U.D means people don’t have to travel a lot