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A Level Sociology (AQA) > Global Development > Flashcards

Global Development Flashcards

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Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Define development

A

The process by which societies change

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2
Q

How can development be economic?

A

Economic growth is the growth of national income, usually measured by Gross National Income (GNI). Developing countries start on subsistence farming, to growing cash crops. Finally to factory based mass production and mass consumption

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3
Q

How can development be social?

A

Developed countries will have free or accessible education, health care, democracy, human rights, gender equality and sustainability.

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4
Q

How is social development measured?

A

The human development index (HDI), created by the UN. It considers material standards of living, education, and health. Each countries score is between 0 and 1. 1 being the highest.

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5
Q

What is the measure of absolute poverty?

A

The world bank claims an income of less than $1.25 a day is a measure of absolute poverty.

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6
Q

Define relative poverty

A

Conceptualising poverty by defining it in comparison to others.

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7
Q

What is the modernisation theory of global development?

A

Internal factors in LEDC’s inhibit their development.

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8
Q

What are Rostow’s (modernisation) 5 stages of economic growth?

A

Subsistence farming
Cash crops (selling/trading surplus)
Industrialisation and urbanisation (with aid and TNC investment)
Maturity (cities developing)
Mass consumption (consumerism, materialism and growth of service sector)

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9
Q

What changes do Hoselitz (modernisation) claim are needed for development to take place?

A

Technological advancement, subsistence farming to commercial production, industrialisation, urbanisation, democracy, western values (meritocracy).

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10
Q

What are the criticisms of modernisation theory?

A

Ethnocentric (western values are superior)

Ignores ‘crisis of modernity’ such as poverty and inequality

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11
Q

What is the neo-liberal theory of development?

A

Encouraging a global free market will increase trade between all countries allowing them to develop.

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12
Q

What policies does Friedman (Neo-liberal) claim encourages development?

A

Removal of import and export tariffs
Removal of subsidies (sums of money that keep the prices of a commodity low)
Promoting privatisation
No government intervention
Cutting public expenditure for social services

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13
Q

What does Bauer (neo-liberal) claim inhibits development?

A

Foreign aid has encouraged the greed of kleptocracy (elites of LEDC’s pocketing money from aid in order to control its distribution). This stifles the free market. Bauer claims developing countries need to open their borders and rely on market forces so that wealth ‘trickles down’ to the population of the developing country.

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14
Q

What are the criticisms of neo-liberal theory?

A
  • Countries that introduced neo-liberal capitalism had wages decline by up to 50% and living costs rise by 80% because TNC’s did not wish to pay them a living wage to increases profitability.
  • Tiger economies collapsed because they developed to fast with no welfare state to act as a ‘safety net’
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15
Q

What is the dependency theory of development?

A

LEDC’s are prevented from developing because the core nations wealth is based on intensifying the poverty of the peripheral nations through dependency

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16
Q

What is Frank’s (dependency) theory of development?

A

Colonisers set up plantations to grow cash crops, using slave labour to sell for higher profits. This exploitative economic relationship continues today. Frank notes ‘neo-colonialism’ is its form in global contemporary society. This is where former colonies gain political independent but are still economically dependent on their former western empires through TNC’s and aid.

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17
Q

According to dependency theorists, how are TNC’s a form of Neo-colonialism?

A

TNC’s act immorally and illegally in the pursuit of profit.

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18
Q

Give examples of TNC exploitation of LEDC’s

A
  • Shell in Nigeria forcibly seized land of indigenous people in order to gain access to natural resources by removing them at gunpoint from their homelands.
  • Primark has been found to have sweatshops in India and Bangladesh where many women have been working for less than 11p a day in dangerous working conditions.
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19
Q

What is Bakan’s (Neo-Marxist) view of TNC’s

A

Heads of TNC’s are ‘institutional psychopaths’ as they are programmed to exploit and dehumanise for profit.

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20
Q

According to dependency theorists, how is aid a form of neo-colonialism?

A

Aid from supranational organisations (IMF & world bank) have conditions attached such as EPZ’s and free trade. These don’t support the local economy and leave the country in debt and constant dependency on these organisations.

21
Q

What are the solutions to dependency?

A

Isolation

Socialist revolution

22
Q

What are the criticisms of dependency theory?

A

Operationalising the term ‘dependency’ is difficult
Ignores benefits of TNC’s such as infrastructure and employment opportunities
Does not explain why socialism and communism show exploitation

23
Q

What is Wallersteins world systems theory?

A

There are three types of countries: core nations(developed), semi periphery (some wealth, but also poverty), and periphery (poor countries). This system is hierarchal with core at the top and periphery at the bottom. Wallerstein claims countries can be upwardly and downwardly mobile (e.g-tiger economies). He claims reason for peripheral nations are the same as argued by dependency theorists.

24
Q

What are the evaluations for world systems theory?

A

+more flexible than Frank’s theory and explains economic changes

  • modernisation claims wallerstein ignores internal factors
  • vague definitions of concepts such ‘periphery’
26
Q

Define globalisation

A

The growing interconnectedness of societies across the world, with the spread of the same culture, consumer goods and economic interests across the globe.

27
Q

What is the optimistic globalist view of globalisation?

A

Globalisation is an extension of capitalism and the free market. They argue the global free market is good because it will lead to economic growth, the eradication of poverty, and rise of living standards as wealth ‘trickles down’ from the capitalists to the populations of the world.

28
Q

What is the pessimistic globalist view of globalisation?

A

Globalisation is evidence of Western imperialism, creating a superficial and homogeneous mass form of culture and consumption. Globalisation has led to a new world order in which the ‘North’ cannot be safe and secure as long as its wealth is based on intensifying the poverty of the ‘south’.

29
Q

What is Ritzer’s (pessimistic globalist) theory of McDonaldisation?

A

The way in which the principles of fast food restaurant McDonalds is beginning to dominate and standardise many aspects of economic and cultural life globally. The principles of Efficiency, calculability, predictability and control, dehumanise, workers and consumers and is a modern form of cultural imperialism.

31
Q

What is the transformationalist view of globalisation?

A

Globalisation can be controlled and may be reversed through countries rejecting negative aspects and embracing positive aspects of globalisation. Hybridisation has occurred in which people’s food, music, religion and language has created an exciting and diverse world culture.

32
Q

What is the traditionalists view of globalisation?

A

Globalisation is not occurring and that capitalism has always been an international phenomenon and that what we are experiencing is continuation and evolution of capitalist trade and production.

33
Q

Describe evidence for economic globalisation

A

The spread of capitalism (communist countries such as China are now capitalist)
The growth and strength of TNC’s
The global financial crisis of 2008
Supranational organisations such as IMF and World Bank.

34
Q

Describe evidence of political globalisation.

A

Spread of liberal democracy

Global decision making (UN, EU, NATO)

35
Q

What is the New international division of labour?

A

The new global economic order, in which factory production has moved to the developing world due to high labour cost and reduced profitability of TNC’s in the developed countries.

36
Q

What is Frobel’s view of the new international division of labour (NIDL)?

A

The NIDL is a form of neo-colonial exploitation. TNC’s exploit wage labourers (especially women) in factories in the developing world. For example, the Mattel toy company in an EPZ in the Philippines offered prizes to workers who underwent sterilisation in order to avoid maternity payments.

37
Q

What is Klein’s theory of NIDL?

A

In order to encourage TNC’s into EPZ’s countries must provide a military willing to crush any unrest. For example, Shell in Nigeria, have exploited natural resources and used local elites to force indigenous people from their lands.

38
Q

What is the optimistic globalist view of the new international division of labour (NIDL)?

A

The NIDL enhances competition and thus benefits world consumers by keeping prices low. The use of EPZ’s encourage TNC’s to move to developing countries which will lead to wealth to trickle down and improve the host countries infrastructure and living standards.

39
Q

Describe evidence of cultural globalisation

A 
The internet
Global patterns of consumerism
Cosmopolitan lifestyles
World sport
World tourism
40
Q

Define aid

A

Refers to the economic assistance in the form of a financial grant or loan

41
Q

Define Bilateral aid

A

Governments of the world giving aid to governments in the developing world

42
Q

Define multilateral aid

A

Aid that is given to international agencies such as world bank and IMF to distribute.

43
Q

Define emergency aid

A

Humanitarian relief raised in response to specific circumstances such as natural disasters.

44
Q

What is Rostow’s view on aid?

A

Official aid is an crucial component required for take-off into industrialisation. By using aid to improve infrastructure and modernise agriculture, it was argued that the poor would benefit as wealth ‘trickled down’ as they became accessible to the population

45
Q

What is Hayter’s view of aid?

A

Tied aid is a form of neo-colonialism because the conditions such as SAPs and EPZs maintain and legitimise the interests of the capitalist metropolis.

46
Q

What is the political agenda of aid?

A

Aid is dependent on the political ideology of the developing country. For example, Ethiopia was refused aid by the USA and UK in 1985 during a famine on the grounds that Ethiopia had a Marxist government. Therefore, aid promotes a right-wing capitalist ideology

47
Q

What is the economic agenda of aid?

A

Aid aims to expand the global free market. Conditions of tied aid such as SAPs and EPZs provide TNCs the power to exploit workers in order to increase profitability and reduce costs without governmental interference.

48
Q

What is the aid ‘business’?

A

Hancock argues that administrators of the world bank and IMF are ‘lords of poverty’ as they use aid to pay for their large salaries, administrative expenses and international conferences. This ‘business’ is therefore ruing the lives in developing countries as well as the environment.

49
Q

What is Bauer’s view of aid?

A

Fuels the greed of local elites that either pocket the aid or distribute it to the military in order to maintain control. It also discourages the entrepreneurial spirit vital to economic growth as the population become demotivated and reliant on aid.

50
Q

What is Calderisi’s view of debt?

A

A self inflicted problem that developing countries especially in Africa attain from poor economic management, lack of internal unity (civil wars as well as tribal and border conflicts between African countries), corruption and lack of good governments (dictatorships).

51
Q

What was colliers 4 reasons why aid ineffectively helps the ‘bottom billion’?

A

Conflict (civil wars are more likely to occur in low-income countries in order to bring about change but this slows economic growth) , natural resources (civil unrest for control over the commodities), being landlocked (poor transport links to coast prevents integration with global market and therefore slows export-led growth), Bad governments (corruption doesn’t allow trickle down)

A Level Sociology (AQA) (6 decks)

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