Global Development 20 Marker Paragraphs

Question 1

Aid: The Debt Crisis

Answer 1

Content:

• Financial crash in 1970’s/80’s meant that Developing countries (such as Tanzania) could not pay back their loans
• Created HIPCs (Highly Indebted Countries)
• Developing countries take on IMF / World Bank economic policies in exchange for loan

Evaluation:

• “Moral hazard”
• Neocolonialism: forced to adopt western, capitalist economies.
• Seagar and Lewis (2007): Private companies got rich at the expense of all involved

Question 2

Aid: Debt / Aid Cycle

Answer 2

Content:

• Marxist perspective on aid
• LEDCs misspend Aid money
• This leads to trade sanctions, war, etc.
• Rich get richer; no “trickle down” effect

Evaluation:

• Paul Collier
• Over the last 30 years, Aid from the west has statistically decreased poverty in developing countries

Question 3

Aid: Arguments for Aid

Answer 3

Content:

• Sachs (2005)
• Argued for a big push of large-scale, focused and integrated aid to lift developing countries out of poverty

Evaluation:

• Dambissa Moyo: “dead aid”
• Aid makes “good leaders bad and bad leaders worse”
• Encourages corruption

Question 4

Aid: Samura’s Criticisms

Answer 4

Content:

• Undemocratic governments wasting aid
• Aid often used to strengthen armed forces
• Projects chosen without good research
• Foreign ‘experts’ don’t listen to locals needs

Evaluation:
- Case study or Ireland’s success at focused, integrated aid in Ethiopia

Question 5

Trade: Importance of Trade

Answer 5

Content:

• Coyle (2001): International trade has replaced internal supply of goods at an ever increasing rate
• Developed countries do the most trade
• Modernisation theory: developing countries should follow in their footsteps
• Parsons: evolution theory

Evaluation:

• Supply chain
• The higher up the supply chain you are the more power you have
• Producers are lucky to earn 10% of the final profit
• Dependency theorists: demonstrates inequality of opportunity

Question 6

Trade: Global Trade Risks

Answer 6

Content:

• Supply and demand
• Competition
• Politics and fashions vary

Evaluation:

• Supporting case study: cocoa farming in Ghana
• Once produced a third of the world’s cocoa
• When demand for cocoa decreased both the country and individual cocoa farmers were impacted

Question 7

Industrialisation: Modernisation Perspective

Answer 7

Content:

• Industrialisation follows the western model to development
• Rostows model

Evaluation:

• Dependency theorists believe that colonialism has made it impossible for developing countries to follow in western countries footprints.
• Legacy of colonialism
• Chang (2003): “kicking away the ladder”

Question 8

Urbanisation: Parsons

Answer 8

Content:

• Barriers to development
• Industrialisation / Urbanisation represents developing countries overcoming these barriers
• Cities provide a labour force that is essential for development

Evaluation:

• Case study of Manila
• Poor healthcare and education
• Little to no access to clean water and sanitation
• Culture clash

Question 9

Environment: Neoliberal Perspective

Answer 9

Content:

• See solutions in the extension of the free market
• Capitalism will generate solutions to save the environment

Evaluation:

• Dependency theorists
• The wealthiest people need to curb their high levels of consumerism
• Neoliberal policies have made sustainable change harder to achieve (e.g. more unaccountable TNCs)

Question 10

Environment: Malthusian Perspective

Answer 10

Content:

• Concerned by implications on the environment due to population growth
• Poor people in LICs are damaging the environment
• Population growth in LICs putting pressure on marginal land which will lead to problems such as desertification

Evaluation:

• Anti-Malthusians
• The people who cause the most damage to the environment are the wealthiest people
• They consume far more resources than poor people in LICs
• And the exploitation of resources within developing countries is for the west

Question 11

Trade: World Trade Organisations

Answer 11

Content:

• Aims to set and enforce rules for international trade
• Strives for equality / fairness within international trade

Evaluation:

• Countries with money can cheat the system
• Most of the WTOs funding comes from the USA
• Trade increases LEDCs and LLEDCs dependency on western countries

Question 12

War and Conflict: Economic Damage

Answer 12

Content:

• Wars are expensive and impact living standards
• Damage to infrastructure
• Debt, unemployment, etc.
• Link to Six Boomerangs theory

Evaluation:

• Conflict, such as anti-government protests, can remove a corrupt regime and bring in better, more democratic governments.
• Arab Spring of 2011

Question 13

War and Conflict: Disease and Environmental Damage

Answer 13

Content:

• Kaldor (2007): Disease spreads rapidly in war zones and post-conflict situations, especially in refugee camps.
• Environmental damage: exploded mines, heavy artillery and chemical weaponry

Evaluation:

• The end of conflicts often attract investment from NGOs
• IGOs often oversee reconstruction in exchange for a lot of lucrative contracts

Question 14

War and Conflict: Dependency Theory (PERIL)

Answer 14

Content:

• Western interference can lead to conflict
• Legacy of colonialism