Global Development Flashcards
Four Types of Development
Economic
Social
Political
Cultural
How is Economic Development Measured?
Gross National Income (GNI)
How is Social Development Measured
Education
Health
Democracy
Gender Equality
What is the HDI?
Human Development Index - it is a composite measure that combines GNI, education and health.
What is the IHDI?
Inequality-Adjusted Human Development Index - takes into account disparities in a country’s GNI, health and education between different groups (eg social class)
How has Poverty been defined in the Past?
"Three Worlds" "North and South" "Majority and Minority" "Developed and Undeveloped" "MEDC, LEDC, LLEDC"
“The Bottom Billion”
Paul Collier (2007) - says most countries are developed or developing well. We need to focus on those in the bottom billion.
Four SDG’s
Quality Education
Climate Action
Gender Equality
Affordable and Clean Energy
Modernisation Theory
Influenced by Functionalism
Traditional societies will develop as they adopt more modern (western) values
The Marshall Plan
Modernisation theories first big application.
USA offered money to countries struggling after WW2 to stop the spread of communism
The Rostow Model
- Traditional Society
- Pre-Conditions for Take-off
- Take-off
- Drive to Maturity
- High Mass Consumption
Parsons - Modernisation Theory
Development is a form of evolution.
As society becomes more advanced it naturally becomes more capitalist.
Parsons Barriers to development
Traditional values and attitudes Lacking a meritocratic drive High birth rates Lack of individuals desire to compete Lack of modern technology
In What Areas do Developing Countries Need to “Modernise”
Technological Agricultural Industrial Geographical Political Social and Cultural
Dependency Theory
Influenced by neo-marxism.
Criticises Modernisation theories capitalist approach.
Frank (1969) - Dependency Theory
“Underdevelopment”
It is in the interest of rich countries to keep some other countries poor.
Rich capitalist countries deliberately prevent and discourage the development of some nations.
“A Capitalist Empire” Theory
The old countries practised colonialism.
the new capitalist empire practises neo-colonialism (taking control of other countries through investment and aid).
Dependency Theory Diagram
https: //www.youtube.com/watch?v=JN6LlMY2ApQ
01. international division of labour
02. class divide
03. global capitalism
Hoselitz (1952) - Modernisation Theory
Developing countries need to modernise socially and culturally as well as economically.
Western ideas could be spread through education and mass media.
Booth 1985 - Theory Impasse
There was no consensus amongst sociologists.
People Centered Development and Environmentalism
A socialist theory looking at happiness and health as indicators of successful development.
Key Points of People Centered Development
Sustainability
Participation
Justice
Basic Needs
Post-Development
Postmodernist Theory that criticises other theories for being outdated.
We are now living in a post structuralist society.
Metropolis vs Satellite
In the modern world, economically small nations are poor as their talent is encouraged to leave for the rich country (Brain Drain).
Development theorists say this strips poor countries of value and keeps them dependent.
This has been referred to as the metropolis and satellite chain.
Undeveloped vs Underdeveloped
Mercantile Capitalists: There has always been less developed countries.
Colonial Powers: Some didn’t develop because technology hadn’t been developed yet or social conditions kept them back.
Ruled Territories: Some didn’t develop because they were underdeveloped by empires.
What sociological theory influenced World Systems Theory?
Marxism (Traditional)
World Systems Theory
Influenced by traditional marxism.
Suggests there is a world economic system in which some countries benefit while others are exploited
Warren (1980) - World Systems Theory
Used development in non-capitalist third world countries as evidence that capitalism could help countries develop without negative dependency on the west.
Wallerstein - World Systems Theory Diagram
- high profit consumption goods
02. cheap labour and raw materials
Neoliberalism
Influenced by New Right.
Free market capitalism in its modern form. The main goal is reducing state influence in the economy.
Neoliberal Policies
Cut taxes Encourage free trade Integrate into global economy Cut subsidies Abolish parastatal institutions Privatisation Cut state spending
Types of Globalisation
Economic
Political
Cultural
Evidence for Economic Globalisation
Frobel et al. (1980) - there is a new international division of labour.
The growth of TNCs, improved transport and better communication makes global trade possible.
Ritzer (2000) - McDonaldisation
Evidence for Political Globalisation
States now act together in global decision making (e.g. UN, NATO, EU, etc.)
NGOs also often act globally (Oxfam, Red Cross, MSF, etc.)
Evidence for Cultural Globalisation
Worldwide communication (Social Media) Global consumerism (Netflix, Amazon, etc.) World Sport (e.g. the Olympics) International Tourism
Neoliberal Perspectives on Globalisation
“positive globalists” as it extends free markets, liberal democracy and “trickle down” equality.
Support cultural globalisation because they want cultural homogenisation.
Radical Perspectives on Globalisation
“negative globalists” believe globalisation only serves to increase inequality by making businesses more profitable through exploitative and disingenuous practises.
Galtung (1969) - “structural violence”
Transformationalist Perspectives on Globalisation
Aren’t certain what the outcome of globalisation will be.
Cohen and Kennedy (2012) - globalisation might naturally slow or reverse. + Hybridisation of cultures around the world.
Coyle (2001) - Trade
International trade has replaced internal supply of goods at an ever increasing rate.
Most trade is controlled by and benefits rich countries.
The Importance of Trade
Trade between rich and poor countries is key to understanding development.
Case Study on Trade: Burundi
- 70% of national income is from coffee production.
- This means that their main product isn’t something they need to survive, leaving them at the mercy of trade.
- The process of trade syphons off the coffee’s value leaving Burundi with a very small cut.
The Supply Chain
Producer --> Buyer --> Shipping --> Distributor --> Seller --> COnsumer -->
Global Trade Risks
Supply and demand changes prices.
Competition drives prices down.
Politics and fashion in rich countries changes demand often.
Poor countries often rely on products that are vulnerable to natural disasters.
Hirst and Thompson (1999) - Globalisation
Political globalisation has affected many countries, with neoliberal countries willing to work with anyone who supports them (e.g. Mugabe and Assad), while counter movements have come and gone (e.g. Iran, Jihadism, Taliban, etc.). There has been an increase in democratic countries since the 1970’s.
McGrew (2004) - Globalisation
There are many modern examples of cultural globalisation
- Bollywood
- Kpop / Kdramas
Some countries try to limit this. For example, Iran turning to religious fundamentalism and North Korea’s isolation.
Kunstler (2005) - Globalisation
Economic globalisation is in decline.
SInce the 2008 financial crash, countries are less keen to rely on global markets and are ready to reject globalisation.
(e.g. Brexit)
Four Agencies of Development
States
TNCs
NGOs
IGOs
Define States
Countries and their systems
e.g. legal system, police, military, civil service, etc
Define TNCs
Transnational Corporations
Refers to corporations that have globalised operations and sell around the world.
(e.g. Amazon)
Define NGOs
Non Governmental Organisations
These are not connected to the government, nor do they exist to make profit, like businesses.
(e.g. Oxfam, Red Cross, etc.)