Global Development Flashcards
What is development?
Development measures how advanced a country is, focusing on standard of living and quality of life, not just money.
How might a low-income country develop?
Investment in farming
Electricity in rural areas
New roads/railways
Higher literacy rates
Gender equality improvements
Name factors affecting human development of a country
Economic (income, jobs)
Social (health, education)
Technological (electricity, internet)
Food and water security
Cultural (democracy, work-life balance)
What is food security?
A balance between food production and consumption to ensure availability, access, and knowledge for healthy living.
How does water security contribute to human development?
Safe water improves health, allows children to attend school, and reduces time spent collecting water.
How is development measured?
Economic indicators
Social and political measures
Name two development indicators.
GDP (Gross Domestic Product)
HDI (Human Development Index)
What does GDP measure?
Total value of goods and services a country produces in a year, often shown per person (GDP per capita).
What does HDI measure?
Combines GDP per capita, life expectancy, and years in education to show development.
What are some limitations of development measures?
Show averages only
Don’t show everything
Can be inaccurate (e.g., GDP ignores the cash economy)
What is political corruption and why does it matter?
Corruption reduces development by lowering government quality, measured by the Corruption Perception Index.
How do development levels vary within the UK?
London and South East England have a higher standard of living than the rest of the UK.
What are physical factors causing inequality within the UK?
Remoteness or accessibility of an area and potential for industry.
What are historical factors causing inequality within the UK?
Links with particular industries and the impact of deindustrialisation.
What are economic factors causing inequality within the UK?
Employment rates, salaries, house prices, and the state of infrastructure.
Why are jobs in the informal sector less secure?
They offer fewer benefits and less stability, like street stalls and casual work.
What is employment like in developing countries?
Limited, with lower-paid, labour-intensive jobs.
How does lack of water affect food security?
Limits people’s ability to grow the food they need, causing malnourishment.
What are food and water security challenges in developing countries?
Lack of access to clean water and food, causing dehydration and malnutrition.
What is the role of technology in uneven development?
There’s less investment in technology, and few skilled people to use it.
What are health challenges in developing countries?
Limited healthcare, fewer doctors, and poor medical facilities.
Why is access to housing an issue in developing countries?
Many live without proper housing; over 30% live in slums.
What are education challenges in the developing world?
Low literacy rates, few schools, and poor attendance.
How does low education contribute to other problems?
Larger families and malnutrition
What is Fairtrade?(International Strategy)
Fairtrade is a system that helps producers in developing countries get better prices, decent working conditions, and fair terms of trade. It aims to reduce poverty and support sustainable development.
What is Foreign Direct Investment (FDI)?(International strategy)
FDI is when a company or country invests directly into the economy of another country, such as building factories, infrastructure, or businesses.
What are possible disadvantages of FDI?
Profits often return to the investor’s country, not the local economy.
Can cause environmental damage.
Local businesses may struggle to compete.
Jobs may be low-paid or temporary.
Investors may pull out
Advantages of FDI
Creates jobs for local people.
Improves skills and training.
Develops infrastructure (roads, power, schools).
Boosts the local economy through increased trade and spending.
Widens consumer market
What is International Aid?(International strategy)
International Aid is help given by one country or organisation to another, usually to support development, improve quality of life, or respond to emergencies like natural disasters.
How does Aid help development?
Providing basic needs like clean water, food, and healthcare, improving people’s health and life expectancy.
Funding education, which increases literacy and job opportunities.
Building infrastructure such as roads, schools, and hospitals, helping the economy grow.
Supporting skills training and business development, creating jobs and boosting income.
Helping countries recover from natural disasters or conflicts, allowing long-term rebuilding.
What is Debt Relief?(International strategy)
Debt Relief is when part or all of a country’s debt is cancelled, or repayment terms are made easier, so the country can spend money on development instead of paying back loans.
Frees up money for healthcare, education, and infrastructure.
Helps reduce poverty and improve living standards.
Allows countries to invest in job creation and economic growth.
Supports long-term sustainable development instead of focusing on debt repayments.
What is remittance? (International Strategy)
Remittances are money that people working abroad send back to their home countries to support their families.
Provide income for families to pay for food, healthcare, and education.
Reduce poverty in poorer countries.
Boost the local economy as families spend the money on goods and services.
Can be a more reliable source of income than aid.
What are top down strategies?
A top-down strategy is when large-scale development projects are planned and controlled by governments, big organisations (like the World Bank), or Transnational corporations(TNCs(, with little involvement from local people.
What are the advantages and disadvamtages of top down strategies?
Advantages:
Can improve infrastructure on a large scale.
Often funded with lots of money from governments or global organisations.
Creates jobs and boosts economic growth.
Disadvantages:
Local people often aren’t involved in planning.
Projects may not meet the actual needs of local communities.
Can cause environmental damage.
Money might not always benefit the poorest people.
What are bottom up strategies?
A strategy where decisions, initiatives, or actions are led and initiated by individuals or groups at the grassroots level rather than from the top down.
What are the advantages and disadvantages of bottom up strategies?
Advantages:
Bottom-up strategies ensure that local communities have a sense of ownership and responsibility, leading to higher engagement, commitment, and sustainability of projects.
Since decisions are made by the people who understand the community’s challenges and priorities, bottom-up strategies are more likely to be tailored to the specific needs of the population.
Disadvantages:
Bottom-up strategies can lead to fragmented or inconsistent approaches if various local initiatives are not effectively coordinated or aligned with broader development goals or policies.
Local communities often lack the financial, technical, or organizational resources to effectively implement complex projects without significant external support.
What is the Primary Sector in development?
The primary sector involves the extraction and harvesting of natural resources. This includes agriculture, fishing, forestry, and mining.
What is the Secondary Sector in development?
The secondary sector involves the processing and manufacturing of raw materials from the primary sector into finished goods and products.
What is the Tertiary Sector in development?
The tertiary sector involves services rather than goods, including healthcare, education, banking, tourism, retail, and entertainment.
What is the Quaternary Sector in development?
The quaternary sector focuses on knowledge-based activities, including research and development (R&D), information technology (IT), education, financial planning, and consulting.
What does the core-periphery model represent?
The core-periphery model represents the uneven distribution of economic, political, and social power between developed (core) and underdeveloped (periphery) regions. The core consists of wealthy, powerful nations, while the periphery consists of poorer, dependent regions.
How does rapid development contribute to environmental degradation?
Rapid industrialization often leads to deforestation, air and water pollution, loss of biodiversity, and greater consumption of natural resources, which can result in long-term environmental damage.
What are the social impacts of rapid urbanization?
Urbanization due to rapid development can cause overcrowded cities, slums, and inadequate housing. This can lead to poor living conditions, inadequate sanitation, and the spread of disease.
