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HLST 354 - Healthy Populations > Global and Planetary Health > Flashcards

Global and Planetary Health Flashcards

1
Q

Define global health

A

Area of study, research, and practice that focuses on improving health and achieving equity in health for all populations worldwide

Synthesis of concepts of public health and medicine

Collaborative actions taken to identify and address transnational concerns about the exposures and diseases that adversely affect human populations

Emphases
 Health (physical, mental, social)
 Transnational health issues
 Cooperation and exchange between and within the global north and global south
 Community empowerment for health

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2
Q

What is an area of study, research, and practice that focuses on improving health and achieving equity in health for all populations worldwide?

A

Global health

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3
Q

What is the focus of medicine?

A

preventing, diagnosing and treating health problems at the individual/family level

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4
Q

What is the focus of public health?

A

promoting health and preventing illness, injuries, and early deaths at the population level

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5
Q

What is health promotion?

A

Applied social science that encourages individuals and communities to take steps to improve your own health

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6
Q

What is environmental health?

A

Study of connections between health and environmental exposures

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7
Q

What is etiology?

A

Study of causes of disease including both intrinsic and extrinsic causes

MEMORY: T in eTiology for Trigger

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8
Q

What is epidemiology?

A

Study of distribution of health problems in populations as well as risk factors and effectiveness of interventions

MEMORY: P in ePidemiology: and it looks at Problems in Populations

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9
Q

What are biostatistics?

A

o Science of analyzing health data and interpreting the results so that they can be applied to solving public health problems

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10
Q

What is an intervention?

A

o Strategic action intended to improve individual and population health status

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11
Q

Why are we concerned about global health?

A

MEMORY: Global Health Develops Safe Places

  • Globalization
  • Human rights and rights to health
  • Development
  • Security and diplomacy
  • Public good
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12
Q

How does global health aim to alleviate health disparities?

A

research, education and collaboration in intervention with a focus on transnational health issues

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13
Q

Describe health transitions

A

Shift in health status of a population that usually occurs in conjunction with socioeconomic development. Includes
o Decreased fertility rates
o Change in population size and age structures
o Shift from hunger to obesity as dominant nutritional concern
o Reduced infant and child mortality
o Decreased maternal death due to pregnancy
o Increased life expectancy
o Shift from infectious diseases to chronic diseases being the dominant health concern

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14
Q

What is global health security?

A
  • Seeks to protect populations from threats to health and safety by engaging in a variety of stakeholders (includes government and military) in public health interventions
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15
Q

What is international health?

A

o Initiatives targeted toward addressing poverty-related health conditions in lower-income areas

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16
Q

What is globalization? How can this contribute to health issues?

A

Process of countries around the world becoming more integrated and interdependent across economic, political, cultural, and other domains

Contributes to health transitions

May also contribute to health issues such as:
o Movement of epidemics to new areas
o Bioterrorism
o Drug resistance
o Food safety
o Health effects of climate change

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17
Q

What is the purpose of the WHO regions?

A

provides guidance of strategies to address transnational issues.

o Guides implementation of policies and determines effectiveness of those policies

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18
Q

How many WHO regions are there and what are they?

A

6 :)

AMRO – Regional office of the Americas
 Administrated by the Pan-American Health Organization that existed before the WHO

AFRO – sub-Saharan Africa

EURO – Northern Europe including Russa

EMRO – Eastern Mediterranean Regional Office
 Includes parts of north Africa

WPRO – Western Pacific Region
 Includes China, Australia and Japan

SERO – South Asia Region
 Includes everything from India south to Malaysia

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19
Q

What are the functions of global health?

A

MEMORY: Global health works to eliminate the DEFICIT between countries

D - Direct policy/law/regulation
E - Educate and empower
F - Focus on research and innovation
I - Interventions to improve health outcomes
C - care (access)
I - Institute and mobilize partnerships
T - Trends in health (monitor and evaluate)

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20
Q

How are specific disorders classified according to the WHO’s International Classification of Disease (ICD)

A

Group I
o Infectious/communicable diseases
o Maternal and perinatal
o Nutritional deficiencies

Group II
o Non-communicable and neuropsychiatric

Group III
o Injuries (intentional and unintentional)

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21
Q

Which group if the WHO International Classification of disease (ICD) includes infectious/communicable diseases?

A

Group 1

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22
Q

Which group if the WHO International Classification of disease (ICD) includes maternal and perinatal diseases/conditions?

A

Group 1

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23
Q

Which group if the WHO International Classification of disease (ICD) includes nutritional deficiencies?

A

Group 1

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24
Q

Which group if the WHO International Classification of disease (ICD) includes non-communicable diseases?

A

Group 2

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25
Q

Which group if the WHO International Classification of disease (ICD) includes neuropsychiatric diseases?

A

Group 2

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26
Q

Which group if the WHO International Classification of disease (ICD) includes injuries?

A

Group 3

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27
Q

What is the emerging global burden of disease?

A

Cause of death

Specific disorders are classified according to the WHO’s International Classification of Disease (ICD)

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28
Q

What are the WHO’s International Classification of Disease (ICD) based on?

A

o Based on incidence and prevalence of causes of death and diseases

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29
Q

What were the diseases of concern that we covered in class?

A

Malaria
HIV/AIDS
TB

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30
Q

What are the major impacts of having a disease such as Malaria, HIV/AIDS, or TB?

A

o Sigma/shunning
o Lost wages and productivity
o Loss of school days for infected children

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31
Q

Which WHO region carries a disproportionately high share of the global malaria burden?

A

AFRO - sub-Saharan African region

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32
Q

About how many of the malaria cases and deaths were reported by the AFRO region?

A

95%
96%

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33
Q

Who accounted for about 80% of malaria deaths in the AFRO region?

A

children < 5

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34
Q

About how many cases and deaths of malaria are recorded annually?

A

300-500 Million cases with 750,000 deaths annually

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35
Q

Why is the AFRO region carry a disproportionately high share of the global malaria burden?

A

 Having the type of mosquito that carries malaria
 Plasmodium is common here and is likely to cause more severe cases of malaria and death
 Local weather allows for year round transmissions (no winter)
 Limited resources and socioeconomic instability have hindered control activities

35
Q

Who is at the greatest risk of dying from malaria?

A

infants, children, and pregnant women

36
Q

What is the pathology of HIV and AIDS?

A

Attacks CD4 cells and increases vulnerability to opportunistic infections

AIDS- CD4 count is less than 200

37
Q

How is malaria transmitted?

A

Vector: Anopheles spp. mosquitoes

Agent: Plasmodium falciparum

38
Q

While there has been innovations in HIV/AID treatment and prevention, why do some still suffer?

A

Those that don’t have access to adequate healthcare/medications access will continue to stuffer from the condition and the stigma associated

39
Q

Which WHO region carries the majority of the burden for HIV/AIDS infections?

A

AFRO - sub-Saharan African region

SERO - south Asia region

40
Q

About how many people are currently infected with AIDS? About how many new infections and deaths are seen each year?

A

33 million currently

2 million new per year

1.8 deaths per year

41
Q

About how many of the HIV/AIDS cases and deaths were reported by the AFRO region?

A

69% of infections and 72% of deaths

42
Q

What is the impact of AIDS/HIV on the countries significantly affected?

A

Loss of generations of family members affecting family cohesion
 So many died early on because of no prevention or treatments available

Economic impacts

Loss of agriculture

Strained healthcare systems

43
Q

What is the treatment needed for HIV/AIDS patients?

A

ARVs - antiretroviral

44
Q

Leading cause of death for HIV positive adults not on ARVs in AFRO?

A

Tuberculosis

45
Q

About how many people became sick with TB in 2021? About how many died?

What trends are we seeing regarding morbidity/mortality?

A

> 10 million became sick
o 4.5% rise from 2020
o ¾ of cases are receiving treatment

1.6 million died
o ~450 000 cases had drug-resistant TB (3% more than the year before)

46
Q

What WHO regions have the highest new cases?

A

o SERO 46% - south Asia
o AFRO 23% - Africa
o WPRO 18% - Western pacific (China/Japan/Australia etc)
o 87% happens in the 30 most affected countries

47
Q

Who is the most at risk of TB in Canada?

A

o Indigenous people at disproportionate risk
o Many people coming in from out of country are at risk

48
Q

What is one of the most significant challenges in treating TB?

A

Multi-drug resistant strains

49
Q

What are the impacts for those suffering from TB?

A

o Several months wages are lost annually for families where the bread winners have TB
o More than 20% of household expenses went to treatment
o Stigma against TB patients making it hard for them to integrate in society even after the completion of treatment

50
Q

What are the impacts for those suffering from malaria?

A

There is an increase in hospitalizations, especially among children
 Loss of school days means they receive less education so literacy is decreased

The impact of Malaria on countries with the high burden of it is about 1.3% of the country’s gross domestic product

51
Q

What are the challenges in controlling malaria?

A

Drug resistance

Fake drugs

Global warming
o An increase in temperature, rainfall, and humidity may cause a proliferation of malaria carrying mosquitoes and higher altitudes
o Results in an increase in malaria transmission in areas in which it was not reported earlier

52
Q

Who is most at risk of dying from HIV/AIDS?

A

o Mostly young women, vulnerable and stigmatized groups

53
Q

If someone is infected with an infectious disease such as malaria, TB, or HIV/AIDs, what greatly increases their morbidity and mortality?

A

Co-infection with another infections disease

54
Q

What factors affect the infectious disease challenge in global health?

A

MEMORY TIP: want to DASH infectious diseases from the record

D - disease and illness
A - agent (infectious)
S - social determinants
H - health and wealth

55
Q

Define global health

A

MEMORY: PACES

P - population
A - Action
C - Cooperation
E - Equity
S - Security

56
Q

When using PACES to define global health, what is populations?

A

o A focus on the exposure and diseases that cause the greatest public health burden and affect large numbers of people in diverse geographic regions
o I.e. CVD, access to safe drinking water

57
Q

When using PACES to define global health, what is actions?

A

A focus on effective, low-cost interventions that
 Prevent illness and injury
 Diagnose and treat diseases
 Alleviate suffering

I.e. HIV, hunger

58
Q

When using PACES to define global health, what is cooperation?

A

o A focus on health concerns that must be addressed through worldwide efforts to share knowledge, tools, and resources
o I.e. drug resistant infections, air pollutions

59
Q

When using PACES to define global health, what is equity?

A

o A focus on helping the global poor and addressing social, environmental and health inequities
o I.e. neglected tropical diseases, mental health

60
Q

When using PACES to define global health, what is security?

A

o A focus on addressing the health issues most likely to contribute to political and economic instability and conflict
o I.e. emerging infectious diseases, violence

61
Q

What are the roles of the nurse in global health?

A

Manage communicable and non-communicable diseases

Manage nurse-led clinics

Health promotion
o Using evidence-based information through research

Provide primary health care services to underserved populations

Build public and private partnerships to improve a population’s health

No memory tip just Yatzee, 2 manages and 3 P’s lol

62
Q

What is planetary health?

A

Solutions-oriented, transdisciplinary field and social movement focused on analyzing and addressing the impacts of human disruptions to Earth’s natural systems on human health and all life on Earth (Planetary Health Alliance)

63
Q

How does climate change affect health?

A

o Rising temperatures
o Changing precipitation patterns
o Increase in extreme weather events

64
Q

What are the main planetary health issues?

A

MEMORY: planetary health needs ParaMEDICS

P - Pollution (air)
M - Mental health
E - Equity in health
D - Displacement
I - Infectious disease burden changes
C - climate change
S - security of food and water

65
Q

What are the 5 domains of Planetary Health?

A

MEMORY: the domain NAMES

N - nature interconnection
A - Anthropocene and health
M - Movement building and systems change
E - Equity and social justice
S - Systems thinking and complexity

66
Q

Describe Guzman’s planetary health domain of Interconnection with Nature

A

How we view the world influence our thinking about the planet

Need to understand our role within nature as a species and as individuals

There is a false sense of separation between humans and nature which perpetuates a deceptive dominance over nature

It is important to create the conditions that enable the overcoming of the dissonance between “being in nature” (nature surrounds us) and “being of nature” (nature that embodies us)

Emphasizes fostering compassion for planet earth by recognizing the personal, cognitive, social and emotional aspect of the education process
o Cognitive – sands of connection
o Affective – caring
o Behavioural – commitment to act

Combines knowledge from indigenous and western education

Practice to bring about positive outcomes for individuals, communities, and the planet

Acknowledges the importance of diverse knowledge and spiritual traditions which highlights the connectiven4ess to nature

67
Q

Describe Guzman’s planetary health domain of the Anthropocene and Health

A

Anthropocene is marked by significant disruptions in the earth’s system processes caused by the rapid expansion of humanity’s ecological impact

This field of study delves into the connections between human-induced changes in the Earth’s natural systems and their impact on health

Understanding these connections requires an integrated approach that considers both social and ecological factors in promoting and preventing disease at individual and population levels

It focuses on identifying the various factors, such as culture, values, governance, and technology, that influence health outcomes. These factors are closely related to the concept explored in the equity and justice domain (below)

Marked by significance destruction due to the growing impact of humanity

It is the action of the man, how human activity has impacted the planet

How human action affect the health of the earths natural system and in turn, human, animal, and ecosystem health

Emphasizes need for a holistic approach to health promotion and disease prevention considering individual, societal, and environmental factors

Delves into cultural value-based governance and technological influence on health outcomes looking at the broader theme of equity and justice

68
Q

Describe Guzman’s planetary health domain of equity and social justice

A

Embedded in all other frameworks

Founded on the rights of humans and the rights of nature
o Giving all human populations and ecosystems, present and future, the opportunity to attain their full vitality
o Not looking at only now, but also the future

Eliminating systemic disparities
o No population carries disproportionate burdens of environmental and health impacts while others are able to thrive

Education process must acknowledge structural inequities and how historical and political justice have contributed to the division of the populations and degraded the environment. These include
o Colonialism
o White supremacy
o Racism
o Patriarchy
o Capitalism
o Neoliberalism

69
Q

Describe Guzman’s planetary health domain of movement building and systems change

A

Action requires
o Inclusive relationships
o Thoughtful strategy
o Effective communication
o Transformational partnerships

Entails creating effective movements that support systemic change and the transition to a more just future

Mentorship, solidarity, and the development of practical skill sets play a crucial role in
o Reducing apathy
o Increasing engagement
o Generating the needed momentum for change

Acknowledge effective movement building is crucial to solving the urgent planetary health crisis

This domain addresses this element so learners and future professionals can build effective movements to support system change and transition to a more just future

Examples in Edmonton include the train expansion for people to be able to get to work; also includes building new greenhouses

70
Q

Describe Guzman’s planetary health domain of Systems thinking and Complexity

A

The field of planetary health is based on the principles of systems thinking, which have long been important in ecology

It explores how different elements interact and come together as part of complex systems

In planetary health, it’s crucial to understand the connections between environmental changes and human health at various geographic and time scales

This requires understanding complex adaptive systems, which have characteristics such as
o Non-linear or circular causal relationships
o Tipping or leverage points
o Emerging properties
o Self-organization

In this area, learners strive for self-awareness to recognize their own biases and epistemological foundations
o Biases include denial of global warming

Looks at the planet as a whole system, not just it’s parts

71
Q

In Guzman’s planetary health domains, which domain includes our need to understand our role within nature as a species, and as individuals?

A

Interconnection with nature

72
Q

In Guzman’s planetary health domains, which domain suggests there is a false sense of separation between humans and nature which perpetuates a deceptive dominance over nature?

A

Interconnection with nature

73
Q

In Guzman’s planetary health domains, which domain combines the knowledge from indigenous and western education?

A

Interconnection with nature

74
Q

In Guzman’s planetary health domains, which domain is marked by significant disruptions in the earth’s system processes caused by the rapid expansion of humanity’s ecological impact?

A

Anthropocene and health

75
Q

In Guzman’s planetary health domains, which domain delves into the connections between human-induced changes in the Earth’s natural systems and their impact on health?

A

Anthropocene and health

76
Q

In Guzman’s planetary health domains, which domain involves the action of man and how human activity as impacted the planet?

A

Anthropocene and health

77
Q

In Guzman’s planetary health domains, which domain is founded on the rights of humans and the rights of nature?

A

equity and social justice

78
Q

In Guzman’s planetary health domains, which domain works to eliminate systemic disparities?

A

Equity and Social Justice

79
Q

In Guzman’s planetary health domains, which domain entails creating effective movements that support systemic change and the transition to a more just future?

A

Movement Building and Systems Change

80
Q

In Guzman’s planetary health domains, which domain explores how different elements interact and come together as part of complex systems?

A

Systems Thinking and Complexity

81
Q

In Guzman’s planetary health domains, which domain looks at the planet as a whole system, not just it’s parts?

A

Systems Thinking and Complexity

82
Q

What are some examples of environmental racism?

A

o Racial discrimination in environmental policymaking
o Enforcement of regulations and laws
o Deliberate targeting of communities of colour for toxic waste facilities
o Official sanctioning of the life-threatening presence of poisons and pollutants in BIPOC communities
o History of excluding BIPOC people from leadership of the ecology movements

83
Q

Define environmental justice

A

o Fair treatment and meaningful involvement of all people with respect to the development, implementation, and enforcement of environmental laws, regulations, and policies

84
Q

In north America, what have BIPOC communities fought for hundreds of years to protect?

A

air, land, water, species, and cultural connections to the land from discriminatory policies and actions

(environmental racism)

HLST 354 - Healthy Populations (8 decks)

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