Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Body Logistics > Glands > Flashcards

Glands Flashcards

1
Q

Define a duct

A

An epithelial cell or aggregate of epithelial cells that are specialised for the secretion of a substance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Define endocrine gland

A

Endocrine glands secrete directly into the blood allowing substances to function at distant targets

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Define exocrine gland

A

Exocrine glands secrete into a local area through a duct

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Describe the first two steps of gland formation

A
  1. Mesenchymal stem cells produce fibroblast growth factor that causes epithelial cells to proliferate downwards
  2. Daughter cells make extracellular protein degradation enzymes to break down collagen and elastin so proliferating bud can invade that space
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Following the first two steps of gland formation, explain how exocrine glands form in 3 steps

A
  1. Cells in centre of bud if grapes die producing the duct
  2. Elongation factors extend the gland
  3. Cells at the apex start to differentiate forming secretory portion of the gland
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Following the initial 2 steps of gland formation, explain how endocrine glands then form

A
  1. Angiogenesis factors starts the growth of blood vessels around the gland
  2. Blood vessels elongate to find capillaries
  3. Cells migrating further away from original epithelial surface can either form a follicle or not
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Explain how follicles are formed

A

Blood vessels formed around the gland

Colloid produced between the cells causes follicle expansion into a sphere

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What factor causes duct branching?

A

FGF10

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What factors are active and inactive in tubule elongation?

A

mTORC1 is active

ERK1/2 is off

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What factors are active and inactive in angular division?

A

mTORC1 is inactive

ERK1/2 is active

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the 3 classifications of gland based on their mode of secretion? Explain how they secrete

A

Merocrine - secretory vesicles fuse with apical membrane

Apocrine- partial loss of cytoplasm when vesicles are secreted

Halocrine- whole cell elongates until is bursts releasing secretory product

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Explain in 6 steps how glucose causes insulin secretion

A
  1. Glucose binds to glucose 2 transporter on beta pancreatic cells
  2. Glucose metabolised increases ATP:ADP ratio
  3. ATP binds to ATP sensitive K+ channel closing it
  4. Build up if K+ inside the cell depolarises the cell membrane
  5. VOCC open when membrane depolarises- calcium enters the cell
  6. Calcium influx mobilises vesicles to fuse with membrane and secrete insulin
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

How does sulfonylurea treat diabetes type 1?

A

Sulfonylurea binds to ATP sensitive K+ channel closing the channel resulting in in insulin secretion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What cells make up the adrenal medulla and what is their function?

A

Chromaffin cells

Numerous pre synaptic nerves pass to chromaffin cells

Release adrenaline/noradrenaline when nerve impulses are received?

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the 3 layers of the adrenal cortex and what do they secrete?

A

Zona glomerulosa- produces mineralcorticoids

Zona fasiculata- produces glucocorticoids

Zona reticularis- produce androgen precursors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Outline the long term stress response

A
  1. Threat detected by hypothalamus
  2. Hypothalamus releases CRH Corticotrophic releasing hormone
  3. CRH passes to hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal system to the anterior pituitary
  4. CRH acts on corticotrophs to release ACTH
  5. ACTH binds to ACTH receptors on the adrenal cortex to release mineralcorticoids and glucocorticoids
17
Q

Outline then short term stress response

A
  1. Hypothalamus detects threat
  2. Sends nerve impulse to spinal cord
  3. Sympathetic pre ganglionic neurone sends impulse the chromaffin cells of adrenal medulla
  4. Adrenaline/noradrenaline release
18
Q

What is the only kind of unicellular exocrine gland and what does is secrete?

A

Goblet cell

Secretes mucus

19
Q

What is an acinus?

A

A cluster of cells arranged in a berry like lobe

20
Q

What are the 3 types of salivary gland and what type of solution do they secrete?

A

Parotid - totally serous
Sublingual- totally mucus
Submandibular- mostly serous, partly mucous

21
Q

What are the 2 ways the submandibular gland can be controlled?

A

Parasympathetic - controls serous secretion

Sympathetic- controls mucus secretion

22
Q

What are the two types of hepatic blood supply?

A

Hepatic portal vein - 70-75% of blood

Hepatic artery- 25-30% of blood

23
Q

What 3 things form the hepatic triad/ portal triad?

A
  1. Hepatic artery
  2. Hepatic portal vein
  3. Portal triad
24
Q

Name 4 types of antigen presenting cells present in the liver

A

Kuppfer cells
Dendritic cells
Stellate cells
Pit cells

25
Q

What is unusual about the apical and basolateral surfaces of hepatocytes?

A

Apical surface is at the side of the cell whereas the basolateral surface is on the outside of the cell, therefore surface specialisations e.g microvilli reside on the basolateral surface

26
Q

What is the role of Kuppfer cells?

A

Recycle erythrocytes and ingest pathogens

27
Q

What are stellate cells?

A

Stellate cells store Vitamin A

Proliferate during liver damage causing loss of vitamin A storage and differentiate to myofribroblasts which can deposit collagen causing liver fibrosis

28
Q

What are the 4 functions of hepatocytes?

A
  1. Protein synthesis - abundant RER
  2. Carbohydrate metabolism - from fatty acids from carbs
  3. Lipid metabolism - form bile solute to solubilise fats
  4. Detoxification

Body Logistics (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions