Gland & Hormone List

Question 1

Anterior Pituitary

Answer 1

• Front Part of pituitary gland
• Located: below hypothalamus, pea sized gland
• Called “The Master Gland” because it releases 6 trophic hormones controlling a wider range of body
• Hormones Secreted:Human Growth Hormone (hGH),

Question 2

Human Growth Hormone (hGH)

Answer 2

• Also called Somatotropin
• Growth and development
• Increased cell division
• Growth in long bones, muscles, and cartilage
• Stimulates liver to secrete growth factor hormones
• hGH and growth factors cause
• Increased protein synthesis (builds muscle)
• Increased bone strength (increased absorption of calcium from small intestine -> bone mineralization)
• Breaks down stored fats
• Release of hormone follows circadian rhythm

Question 3

Thyroid Gland

Answer 3

• Located:Neck, below voice box
• 2 lobes on each side of the trachea
• Butterfly shaped gland with 4 lobes
• Hormones secreted: thyroxine (T4), Calcitonin

Question 4

Thyroxin (T4)

Answer 4

• Controls metabolic rate
• Rate at which your body burns food
• Related to body temperature
• Target organs: heart, skeletal muscles, liver, kidney
• Regulates through a negative feedback loop

Question 5

Calcitonin

Answer 5

Lowers calcium (Ca2+) levels in the blood
Calcium is important in:
Development of bones and teeth
Nerve conduction
Muscle contraction
Blood clotting
Refer to parathyroid gland

Question 6

Parathyroid Gland

Answer 6

Embedded in thyroid gland
There are 4 (each about the size of a grain of rice)
Hormones secreted: Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)

Question 7

Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)

Answer 7

Raises calcium levels in the blood
How? PTH synthesizes Vitamin D which helps absorb more calcium from the intestine
Calcitonin and PTH are examples of Antagonistic Hormones
Means they have opposite effects on the body

Question 8

Adrenal Glands

Answer 8

2 adrenal glands
On top of each kidney 
Made of 2 layers 
Each layer acts independently 
Produce different hormones 
2 layers:
Adrenal Medulla- middle layer
Adrenal Cortex- outer layer

Question 9

Adrenal Medulla: a) Adrenaline (Epinephrine)

b) Noradrenaline (Norepinephrine)

Answer 9

These hormones have similar functions
Considered complementary hormones Involved in the fight or flight response OR short-term stress response
Effects: (similar to sympathetic nervous system)
Increased heart rate and breathing rate
Increased blood pressure
Dilation (widening) of blood vessels
Conversion of glycogen to glucose in the liver
Increased blood flow to heart and muscles

Question 10

Adrenal Glands (Cortex)
a) Glucocorticoids (Cortisol)

Answer 10

Increases production of glucose by breaking down protein and fat
Raises blood sugar
Considered a long-term stress response as it provides the energy to deal with daily stresses
Reduction of inflammation
Used to treat joint swelling
Circadian rhythm

Question 11

Adrenal Glands (Cortex)
b) Mineralocorticoids (Aldosterone)

Answer 11

Increases sodium in the blood
Increases water in the blood (increases blood volume)
Increases blood pressure
This is called Osmoregulation

Question 12

Adrenal Glands (Cortex)
c) Sex hormones - Androgens and Estrogens)

Answer 12

Produce small amounts of sex hormones

Most by gonads (ovaries and testes)

Question 13

Pancreas

Answer 13

Behind stomach, near small intestine

Hormones secreted: Alpha Cells, Beta Cells