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PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY CS > GLACIERS CS > Flashcards

GLACIERS CS Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the Case study for SHORT TERM CLIMATE CHANGE?

A

Little Ice Age & Loch Lomond Stadial

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2
Q

SHORT TERM CLIMATE CHANGE: When was the Little Ice Age and why did it occur?

A

19th Century during Holocene epoch - followed by medieval warm. Due to natural factors - axial tilt/wobble

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3
Q

SHORT TERM CLIMATE CHANGE: What were temperatures in the Little Ice Age and what did it cause?

A

low levels of -2 degrees and led to crop failures, starvation, can’t sell crops

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4
Q

SHORT TERM CLIMATE CHANGE: When did temperatures plunge in the Loch Lomond Stadial?

A

12,500 years ago temps plunged in glacial conditions in the Pleistocene epoch. Last Uk glacier

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5
Q

SHORT TERM CLIMATE CHANGE: Why did the Loch Lomond Stadial occur?

A

continental drift as cold water disrupted ocean currents

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6
Q

SHORT TERM CLIMATE CHANGE: BY how much were temps lower than normal in the Loch Lomond Stadial?

A

6-7 degrees lower tan average

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7
Q

What is my Case study for a GLACIATED LANDSCAPE?

A

Greenland

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8
Q

GLACIATED LANDSCAPE: What % of ice covers the island?

A

80% ice cover - world largest island

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9
Q

GLACIATED LANDSCAPE: When was it granted a self government and what is its population?

A

1979 and 56,000 people with 88% inuit

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10
Q

GLACIATED LANDSCAPE: What is the environmental value of Greenland?

A

support fragile biodiversity of endemic plants / mammals (artic fox, whale, polar bear and reindeer) used for scientific research

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11
Q

GLACIATED LANDSCAPE (environmental value): How much global ice does Greenland hold?

A

10% of ice as it has a role in the water cycle

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12
Q

GLACIATED LANDSCAPE: How much does Greenland’s ice melt contribute to sea level rise?

A

0.3mm per year and if all melted sea would rise 7m flooding NY and London

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13
Q

GLACIATED LANDSCAPE: What is the cultural value of Greenland?

A

Use landscape for traditional lifestyle - hunting/fishing.

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14
Q

GLACIATED LANDSCAPE (cultural value): What is the threats to Greenland cultural value?

A

climate change/loss of sea ice reduces hunting size and space/ drill ice cores

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15
Q

GLACIATED LANDSCAPE: What is the economic value of Greenland?

A

meltwater provides hydroelectric/ tourism (cruises) and if ice retreats exposes oil, gas and minerals

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16
Q

GLACIATED LANDSCAPE: What are threats to Greenland?

A

Climate Change/polar bears/political disputes

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17
Q

GLACIATED LANDSCAPE: How does climate change threaten Greenland?

A

as sea retreats, shipping routes open in Northwest Passage connecting pacific/Atlantic = marine pollution

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18
Q

GLACIATED LANDSCAPE: How does polar bears uncertain future threaten Greenland?

A

Hunting ground reduced, pop (persistent organic pollutants) have been found in bears which reduces reproduction

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19
Q

GLACIATED LANDSCAPE: How does political disputes threaten Greenland?

A

2007, Russia claimed part of the artic seabed, causing conflict with Artic nations such as Denmark and Canada

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20
Q

What is my case study for a PERIGLACIAL LANDSCAPE?

A

Yamel Peninsula - Russia

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21
Q

What is the Case Study for RELICT LANDSCAPES?

A

Lake District

22
Q

RELICT LANDSCAPES: What are threats to the Lake District?

A

Footpath erosion, farming on upland areas, water storage/forestry

23
Q

RELICT LANDSCAPES (footpath erosion): How many visitors does the LD get?

A

16 million visitors a year over 2000 miles of footpaths.

24
Q

RELICT LANDSCAPES (footpath erosion): How does these visitors effect the landscape?

A

walkers destroy vegetation, compact soil, reduces infiltration rates, exposes soil that is washed away, gullies form, widen paths, less nutrient rich particles

25
Q

RELICT LANDSCAPES (footpath erosion): What has been done to reduce this threat?

A

LD national park authority (LDNPA) repair over 40 years, rangers use techniques but is slow and expensive

26
Q

RELICT LANDSCAPES (farming on upland areas): Where is used for sheep grazing?

A

fell tops over 600m

27
Q

RELICT LANDSCAPES (farming on upland areas): How does grazing threaten the landscape?

A

degrade land, erosion, threaten landscape due to roaming freely.

28
Q

RELICT LANDSCAPES (farming on upland areas): How does farming threaten landscape?

A

on valley floors produces lots of energy

29
Q

RELICT LANDSCAPES (Water storage/forestry): How does water threaten the landscape?

A

Thirlmere dam flooded small Hamlet/pub/restaurant, more water needed from aqueduct to support more people

30
Q

What is the case study for a GLACIERS?

A

Sagarmatha NP

31
Q

GLACIERS: What are the threats to the Np?

A

Tourism, Natural causes/disasters, Climate/everest

32
Q

GLACIERS (tourism): How many people visit the area in 2014?

A

over 37,000, which increases demand for energy and erosion/water pollution

33
Q

GLACIERS (tourism): Due to increased temps, in 2013 how much did glaciers shrink by?

A

13% in 50 years, influences sherpa people

34
Q

GLACIERS (natural causes/disasters): In 2004 what hit the NP?

A

28 mag earthquake, as tectonically active, which degrades the environment

35
Q

GLACIERS (Climate/Everest): How many people have now reached Everest’s summit?

A

over 6000 and 90% guided, causing pollution, rubbish, crowded, and travel causes gg

36
Q

GLACIERS (Climate/Everest): By how many m is the snowline higher than it was 50 years ago?

A

180m higher, causes floods/glacial outbursts

37
Q

What are my case studies for HUMAN CAUSES?

A

polar tourism, Yosemite np, antartic treaty

38
Q

HUMAN CAUSES (polar tourism): How many tourists does the Antarctic receive a year?

A

40,000 tourists as it reps a “journey of a lifetime”. Doubled over 2 mill in 2014, compared to 1990’s

39
Q

HUMAN CAUSES (polar tourism): How many cruise ships reach Svalbard in2015?

A

5o ships for activities like snowmobiling, sledging, northern lights, 200 landing sites

40
Q

HUMAN CAUSES (Yosemite NP): How many visitors does the NP get?

A

5 mill with 90% concentrated in 6% of area

41
Q

HUMAN CAUSES (Yosemite NP): What does this tourism cause?

A

degregation of veg, invasion of speices, wildfires, pollution, overcrowding (selfie taking)

42
Q

HUMAN CAUSES (Antarctic treaty): When was the treaty signed?

A

in 1961 with 53 signatory nations

43
Q

HUMAN CAUSES (Antarctic treaty): What does the treaty do?

A

bans military action and establishes investigation

44
Q

What are my case studies for MANAGEMENT STRATIGIES?

A

Zermatt, switz/ Alpine Convention

45
Q

MANAGEMENT STRATIGIES (Zermatt, Switz): How many visitors does Zermatt receive?

A

2 mill a year, and resident pop of 6000 people reaching 35,000 in ski season

46
Q

MANAGEMENT STRATIGIES (Zermatt, Switz): How is it sustainable?

A

town is car free; high altitude restaurant (Matterhorn glacier paradise) uses renewable energy won European solar prize

47
Q

MANAGEMENT STRATIGIES (Zermatt, Switz): How is the restaurant sustainable?

A

waste water collected and purified, solar/geotheraml energy

48
Q

MANAGEMENT STRATIGIES (Zermatt, Switz): What has Switz done to manage?

A

spent 1 mill on environment, 6 protected forests/ 10 santuaries

49
Q

MANAGEMENT STRATIGIES (Alpine convention): What is the convention?

A

International treaty between alpine countries and Eu, to achieve sustainable development,

50
Q

MANAGEMENT STRATIGIES (Alpine convention): How do you have to be involved in the convention?

A

need 14 mil residents with 120 million tourists a year, but some countries don’t like it out of there hands.

51
Q

MANAGEMENT STRATIGIES (Alpine convention): What has the convention done?

A

Gap has free buses for 39,000 inhabitants, Arosa bikes free, carbon taxation

PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY CS (3 decks)

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