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AS Geography Key Terms > Glaciers > Flashcards

Glaciers Flashcards

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1
Q

Relict glacier

A

Area that used to be glacial

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2
Q

Periglacial

A

Permanently cold area near a glacier/ice sheet

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3
Q

Glacial alpine

A

Glacial due to its altitude

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4
Q

Glacial polar

A

Glacial due to its latitude

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5
Q

Closed system

A

There are changes/movement of energy but not mass

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6
Q

Open system

A

Where energy and matter can exchange in and out of the system. (E.g. Glaciers)

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7
Q

Zone of accumulation

A

Area towards the top of a glacier where snow accumulates

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8
Q

Zone of ablation

A

Area towards the bottom the glacier where snow/ice breaks up or melts

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9
Q

Firn/névé

A

snow that has been compressed into ice by layers above over many years

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10
Q

Mass balance

A

Accumulation - ablation
+ve value = glacier advancing
-ve value= glacier retreating

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11
Q

Dynamic equilibrium

A

amount of input=amount of output but glacier is still moving

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12
Q

lithology

A

physical and chemical composition of the rock

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13
Q

bedding planes

A

build up of sediment layers over time causing horizontal lines in the rock

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14
Q

joints

A

vertical cracks in rock

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15
Q

fault

A

large cracks caused by tectonic movement

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16
Q

Continentality

A

if a place is coastal or inland and the changes it brings

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17
Q

albedo effect

A

snow (white) reflects heat from the sun

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18
Q

relief

A

height of the land

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19
Q

aspect

A

which compass direction a slope is facing

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20
Q

pressure melting point

A

the melting point is reduced by applying pressure

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21
Q

laminar flow

A

type of internal deformation found in cold based glaciers. The top layer of ice moves furthest as the layers under it push it along. distance accumulates as you go up the layers.

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22
Q

slippage

A

type of basal sliding found in warm based glaciers

where the ice slides over bedrock as melt water reduces friction

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23
Q

creep/regelation

A

type of basal sliding found in warm based glaciers where ice deforms under pressure and flows like plastic

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24
Q

bed deformation

A

type of basal sliding found in warm based glaciers where ice is carried along by saturated sediments on gentle gradients.

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25
Q

inter-granular flow

A

type of internal deformation found in cold based glaciers. ice crystals realign themselves under pressure to move past each other easier.

26
Q

weathering

A

breakup of material without it being removed

27
Q

erosion

A

breakup of material and removing it by an agent (e.g. water)

28
Q

oxidation

A

a type of chemical weathering

minerals react with oxygen in the air creating oxides. oxides are soluble in acid making them easily weathered away.

29
Q

carbonation

A

a type of chemical weathering
rain water + carbon dioxide = carbonic acid
acid then reacts with rock
can be a reversible reaction

30
Q

solution

A

a type of chemical weathering

minerals dissolve into water/acid

31
Q

hydrolysis

A

a type of chemical weathering

reaction between water and minerals in the rock producing a secondary mineral (e.g. clay)

32
Q

hydration

A

a type of chemical weathering

water and rock form new minerals

33
Q

freeze thaw

A

a type of physical weathering
water enters cracks and expends by up to 10% when frozen. this exerts pressure of the rock causing it to crack.
the more fluctuations of temp below 0 the more effective it is

34
Q

frost shattering

A

a type of physical weathering

water enters porous rock and expands up to 10% when frozen. the expansion causes the rock to shatter from the inside.

35
Q

pressure release

A

a type of physical weathering
as a glacier retreats, the pressure put on the rock releases causing it to expand back to the original level
this causes pseudo bedding planes

36
Q

tree roots (weathering)

A

a type of biological weathering
tree roots grow in cracks and joints in rock. the pressure exerted caused the pock to crack more.
when trees fall, their roots pull up soil and rock

37
Q

organic acids/chelation

A

a type of biological weathering
acids produced by decomposition of organic matter react with rock
some algae have the same effect

38
Q

rockfall

A

Type of mass movement

rock loosened from a cliff and fall (gradient steeper than 40 degrees)

39
Q

sliding

A

Type of mass movement

a section of rock/soil/snow slides down a slope as 1 large mass.

40
Q

plucking

A

type of glacial erosion
melt water seeps into joints on the valley floor due to pressure. As it seeps in, pressure is released and it freezes again, sticking to the rock. as the glacier advances, it pulls the rock away from the bedrock.

41
Q

Abrasion

A

as the glacier advances, sub-glacial debris scrapes at the bedrock, acting like sandpaper and creating striations.

42
Q

rock flour

A

fine rock dust created by the erosion of the sub glacial debris

43
Q

nivation

A

not classified as weathering or erosion

involves;freeze thaw, solifluction, and transport by running water

44
Q

supraglacial

A

debris carried on top of the glacier

45
Q

englacial

A

debris carried within the ice

46
Q

subglacial

A

debris carried at the bottom of the glacier (moved down through the glacier or picked up by abrasion/plucking)

47
Q

drift

A

all debris deposited by glaciers

48
Q

till

A

debris deposited specifically by the glacier

49
Q

outwash/glacio-fluvial

A

debris deposited by meltwater

50
Q

lodgement till

A

material deposited by advancing ice due to downward pressure forcing the till into the valley floor

51
Q

ablation till

A

material deposited by meltwater from stagnant or retreating glaciers

52
Q

unsorted

A

the glacier deposits all the till at once instead of in size order like in rivers
0o..o0o.0..o0..

53
Q

unstratiified

A 
the deposited material forms no distinct layers 
e.g.
0o.o0..0
..oo0o.0
0.ooo00.
54
Q

roche moutonne

A

Landform with a smooth incline on one side which was created by abrasion and a steep jagged side caused by plucking.
I large chunk of rock left after a glacier moved over an incline a plucked the back of it

55
Q

striations

A

scratches/grooves caused by abrasion, pointing in the direction of ice flow

56
Q

lateral moraine

A

ridge of till running parallel to a glacier

57
Q

end moraine

A

ridge of till deposited at the end of a glacier

58
Q

medial moraine

A

ridge of till deposited between 2 glaciers (like a lateral moraine but stuck between 2 glaciers)

59
Q

recessional moraine

A

type of end moraine but is caused by glacier retreating and then staying in dynamic equilibrium for a significant amount of time, causing an end moraine. there may be several running perpendicular across the valley

60
Q

terminal morraine

A

type of end moraine but is the moraine furthest down the valley

61
Q

erratic

A

boulder with different geology to the surrounding area

62
Q

till sheet

A

large area of till deposited by a retreating ice sheet

AS Geography Key Terms (4 decks)

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