Glaciers Flashcards

(62 cards)

1
Q

Relict glacier

A

Area that used to be glacial

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Periglacial

A

Permanently cold area near a glacier/ice sheet

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Glacial alpine

A

Glacial due to its altitude

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Glacial polar

A

Glacial due to its latitude

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Closed system

A

There are changes/movement of energy but not mass

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Open system

A

Where energy and matter can exchange in and out of the system. (E.g. Glaciers)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Zone of accumulation

A

Area towards the top of a glacier where snow accumulates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Zone of ablation

A

Area towards the bottom the glacier where snow/ice breaks up or melts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Firn/névé

A

snow that has been compressed into ice by layers above over many years

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Mass balance

A

Accumulation - ablation
+ve value = glacier advancing
-ve value= glacier retreating

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Dynamic equilibrium

A

amount of input=amount of output but glacier is still moving

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

lithology

A

physical and chemical composition of the rock

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

bedding planes

A

build up of sediment layers over time causing horizontal lines in the rock

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

joints

A

vertical cracks in rock

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

fault

A

large cracks caused by tectonic movement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Continentality

A

if a place is coastal or inland and the changes it brings

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

albedo effect

A

snow (white) reflects heat from the sun

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

relief

A

height of the land

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

aspect

A

which compass direction a slope is facing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

pressure melting point

A

the melting point is reduced by applying pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

laminar flow

A

type of internal deformation found in cold based glaciers. The top layer of ice moves furthest as the layers under it push it along. distance accumulates as you go up the layers.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

slippage

A

type of basal sliding found in warm based glaciers

where the ice slides over bedrock as melt water reduces friction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

creep/regelation

A

type of basal sliding found in warm based glaciers where ice deforms under pressure and flows like plastic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

bed deformation

A

type of basal sliding found in warm based glaciers where ice is carried along by saturated sediments on gentle gradients.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
inter-granular flow
type of internal deformation found in cold based glaciers. ice crystals realign themselves under pressure to move past each other easier.
26
weathering
breakup of material without it being removed
27
erosion
breakup of material and removing it by an agent (e.g. water)
28
oxidation
a type of chemical weathering | minerals react with oxygen in the air creating oxides. oxides are soluble in acid making them easily weathered away.
29
carbonation
a type of chemical weathering rain water + carbon dioxide = carbonic acid acid then reacts with rock can be a reversible reaction
30
solution
a type of chemical weathering | minerals dissolve into water/acid
31
hydrolysis
a type of chemical weathering | reaction between water and minerals in the rock producing a secondary mineral (e.g. clay)
32
hydration
a type of chemical weathering | water and rock form new minerals
33
freeze thaw
a type of physical weathering water enters cracks and expends by up to 10% when frozen. this exerts pressure of the rock causing it to crack. the more fluctuations of temp below 0 the more effective it is
34
frost shattering
a type of physical weathering | water enters porous rock and expands up to 10% when frozen. the expansion causes the rock to shatter from the inside.
35
pressure release
a type of physical weathering as a glacier retreats, the pressure put on the rock releases causing it to expand back to the original level this causes pseudo bedding planes
36
tree roots (weathering)
a type of biological weathering tree roots grow in cracks and joints in rock. the pressure exerted caused the pock to crack more. when trees fall, their roots pull up soil and rock
37
organic acids/chelation
a type of biological weathering acids produced by decomposition of organic matter react with rock some algae have the same effect
38
rockfall
Type of mass movement | rock loosened from a cliff and fall (gradient steeper than 40 degrees)
39
sliding
Type of mass movement | a section of rock/soil/snow slides down a slope as 1 large mass.
40
plucking
type of glacial erosion melt water seeps into joints on the valley floor due to pressure. As it seeps in, pressure is released and it freezes again, sticking to the rock. as the glacier advances, it pulls the rock away from the bedrock.
41
Abrasion
as the glacier advances, sub-glacial debris scrapes at the bedrock, acting like sandpaper and creating striations.
42
rock flour
fine rock dust created by the erosion of the sub glacial debris
43
nivation
not classified as weathering or erosion | involves;freeze thaw, solifluction, and transport by running water
44
supraglacial
debris carried on top of the glacier
45
englacial
debris carried within the ice
46
subglacial
debris carried at the bottom of the glacier (moved down through the glacier or picked up by abrasion/plucking)
47
drift
all debris deposited by glaciers
48
till
debris deposited specifically by the glacier
49
outwash/glacio-fluvial
debris deposited by meltwater
50
lodgement till
material deposited by advancing ice due to downward pressure forcing the till into the valley floor
51
ablation till
material deposited by meltwater from stagnant or retreating glaciers
52
unsorted
the glacier deposits all the till at once instead of in size order like in rivers 0o..o0o.0..o0..
53
unstratiified
``` the deposited material forms no distinct layers e.g. 0o.o0..0 ..oo0o.0 0.ooo00. ```
54
roche moutonne
Landform with a smooth incline on one side which was created by abrasion and a steep jagged side caused by plucking. I large chunk of rock left after a glacier moved over an incline a plucked the back of it
55
striations
scratches/grooves caused by abrasion, pointing in the direction of ice flow
56
lateral moraine
ridge of till running parallel to a glacier
57
end moraine
ridge of till deposited at the end of a glacier
58
medial moraine
ridge of till deposited between 2 glaciers (like a lateral moraine but stuck between 2 glaciers)
59
recessional moraine
type of end moraine but is caused by glacier retreating and then staying in dynamic equilibrium for a significant amount of time, causing an end moraine. there may be several running perpendicular across the valley
60
terminal morraine
type of end moraine but is the moraine furthest down the valley
61
erratic
boulder with different geology to the surrounding area
62
till sheet
large area of till deposited by a retreating ice sheet