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Geography A level > Glaciation Case studies > Flashcards

Glaciation Case studies Flashcards

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1
Q

Human Impacts on Periglacial areas

A

Prudhoe Bay, North Slope Alaska

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2
Q

When were oil deposits found

A

1968

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3
Q

Size of Prudhoe Bay reserve

A

3000,million barrels

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4
Q

US oil consumption

A

6.95 billion barrels annually, 40% imports

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5
Q

Effect of Gravel Pads

A

Removes load from the river effecting erosion and deposition

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6
Q

Oil extraction Effect on hydrological processes

A

Glacial Outwash aquifer near palmer, water levels fell by 1m in a radius of 2km from the extraction site

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7
Q

Oil extraction Energy Flows impact

A

Urban heat island, barrow, 2.2 degrees warmer, maximum difference of 6 degrees leads tpo fewer freeze thaw days (9% reduction) as well as melting of permafrost

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8
Q

Effects on the Landscape Oil extraction

A

thawing of permafrost, especially from underneath homes, leading to solifluction (downslope movement of the active layer)
Formation of Thermocasts, 5m deep and 1-2km wide
alsases and alsas valleys, gradual depressions 10’s of kilometres in length

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9
Q

Human influence on Glaciated environments

A

Grande Dixence Dam

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10
Q

Cost of dam construction

A

1600 million francs

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11
Q

Dam Catchment area

A

350kmsq including the outlets of 25 glaciers

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12
Q

Pumping to the dam

A

4 pumping stations and 100km of tunnels

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13
Q

Impact on River channels

A

Reduced flow of some rivers, the Borgne River has higher concentrations of pollutants at Les Haudere from agricultural and domestic sources du to the reduced flow rate.

Sediment is also trapped behind the dam, meaning that very clear water is returned to the channels, giving the water excess energy and increasing channel erosion.

Lack of discharge in below dam rivers has meant some virtually dry up in the summer, there has been a contraction in the sizes of river channels, the scale of this contraction has increased downstream, the amount of sediment flowing into Lake Geneva has halved.

Val d’Herens, risk of sudden and unexpected flooding when stored water is released.

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14
Q

Rate of deposition in the dam

A

20-40 cm per year, concentrations of only 20-50 mg per litre behind the dam

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15
Q

Ice Sheet Case study

A

Minnestota and the Laurentide ice sheet

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16
Q

Most recent advance of the Laurentide ice sheet

A

100,000 years ago in the Widsconsin glaciation

17
Q

Lithology of Minesota

A

Predominantly granite and gneiss, however there is an area of sedimentary rck (shales) that was less resistant to erosio, they formed the ellipsoidal basin that is Lake Vermillion today

18
Q

Erosional impact of the Laurentide Ice sheet

A

Wore down many mountains, the highest peak now is eagle mountain at 701m

19
Q

Depositional impact of the Laurentide Ice sheet

A

Wadena lobe deposited iron rich sediments and the Wadena drumlin field

Rainy and Superior Lobes left behind a coarse mixture of gabbro and granite

Des Moines Lobe 160 m deep clay rich deposits and end moraine at the Praire Coteau

20
Q

Pro Glacial Lakes

A

Water trapped by a Morranic dam and the ice sheet itself, largest was Aggassiz (440,000kmsq and 400m deep.

21
Q

Glacial river Warren

A

Drained by Glacial river warren out of traverse gap, forming a wide valley within which the Minnesota river now flows. The original river was 300 ft deep and several miles wide

22
Q

Changes over time to the landscape

A

Drumlins and terminal morraines eroded over time, lakes may grow or shrink depending on quantities of precipitationand sedimentation

23
Q

Snowdonia Location

A

North Wesr of wales 10km from Bangor, most southerly example of glaciation in the UK, able to sustain glaciers due to altitude and maritime climate (North West)

24
Q

Last Glacial period in Snowdonia

A

Devensian period, ended 10,000 years ago, maximum 18,000 years ago, 2000 kmsq of North wales was an accumulation zone

25
Q

Morraines

A

Cwm Idwal, Lateral (300 metres long), Terminal and hummocky morraines

26
Q

Corrie

A

Cwm Idwal, lithology-tuff and basalt, low altitude (375 m)

27
Q

Glacial Trough

A

Nant Francon, step with a drop at Rhaedr Oqwen, truncated spurs such as Clogwyn Y gribin

28
Q

Roche Moutonne

A

Nant Francon, just above Rhaedr Ogwen

29
Q

Ribon Lake

A

Lyn Ogwen, lies within a glacial hollow, overdeepening caused by the weakness of the lithology, thickness of ice and gradient of the valley

30
Q

Pyramidal Peak

A

Snowdon Yr Wyddfa, 10 cirques, two largest face North West (Clogwyn and D’ur Addu)

31
Q

Arete

A

Crib Goch, formed due to perpendicular flow of the cirque glaciers in Cwm Glas and Cwm Uchaff to Cwm Gaslyn, made of tuff

32
Q

Location as an influence to glaciation

A

Snowdon-Wide base 80km2 not overrun by ice sheet and formed by alpine glaciation
Cwm Idwal located at lowest point of the Glyderau range so ice spilled over from the Lanberis pass, additionally deepened by the rotaitional flow of the Cneiford Ice fall

33
Q

Aspect as an influence to glaciation

A

Corries surrounding Snowdon, deapest face North West (Clotacular and pronounced back wallsgwyn and Du’addu) leading to more spec

34
Q

Lithology

A

Snowdon-Tuff, hard rock to support dramatic features
Lithology of ogwen valley as well as tributary glaciers and compressional flow lead to over deepening
Lithology at Rhaedr Ogwen, more resistant
Cwm Idwal lies on a line of geological weakness (syncline)

35
Q

Effect of weathering over time in snowdonia

A

Steepening of back walls -Devils Kitchen and Idwal slabs
Aretes becoming narrower (scree slopeson the side of crib goch
Sides of Nant Francon Valley also steepened

36
Q

Sedimentation

A

Nant Francon valley used to hold a ribbon lake, however it was infilled by sedimentation from neighbouring corries such as cwm idwal

37
Q

Filling of Lakes

A

Lyn Ogwen-Post glacial feature, filled by melt water and rainfall. Llyn Idwal also filled

Geography A level (6 decks)

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