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Geography summarised basics > glaciation > Flashcards

glaciation Flashcards

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1
Q

what are the long term factors leading to climate change

A

milankovitch cycles - eccentricity, obliquity, precession

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2
Q

what are the short term factors leading to climate change

A
  • role of variations in solar output - sunspots
  • volcanic erutpions
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3
Q

what are the characteristics and causes of the short term events of the loch Lomond stadial and the little ice age

A

loch lomond stadial - ice sheets began melting, rapid deglaciation = glaciers re advanced all over the world including Scotland, snowdonia and lakes

little ice age - trough of cold temperature = rivers froze etc. glaciers advanced down valley’s

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4
Q

when was the Loch Lomond stadial

A

12,900 yrs ago

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5
Q

when’s the little ice age

A

1550-1750

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6
Q

what does the present distribution of ice depend on

A

high latitudes and high altitudes

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7
Q

name the three types of permafrost

A

continuous, discontinuous, sporadic

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8
Q

list 6 key periglacial processes

A

nivation, solifluction, freeze thaw, frost heave, high winds, meltwater erosion

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9
Q

what does positive feedback mean

A

making a small change larger

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10
Q

list 4 periglacial landforms

A

ice wedges
patterned ground
pingos - open and closed
loess

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11
Q

what does negative feedback mean

A

making a large change smaller

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12
Q

what are the reasons for variation of the mass balance and rates of accumulation and ablation

A
  • seasonality
  • long term change
  • climate change
  • glacier movement
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13
Q

how can warm based glaciers move

A
  • basal slip
  • regelation creep
  • internal deformation
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14
Q

how can cold based glaciers move

A

internal deformation only

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15
Q

what are the four main glacial process

A
  • erosion
  • entrainment
  • transport
  • deposition
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15
Q

list three mass balance factors that control the rate of movement

A

ice temperature
rates of accumulation
rates of ablation

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16
Q

list 5 physical factors that control the rate of movement

A

ALIAS
Altitude
Lithology/ bedrock permeability
Ice thickness
Amount of meltwater present
Slope angle - gradient

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17
Q

what are four erosional processes

A
  • abrasion
  • plucking
  • crushing and basal melting
  • freeze thaw and mass movement
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18
Q

what are three ways glaciers transport material

A

subglacially
englacially
supraglacially

18
Q

what are three entrainment processes

A

ablation till
lodgement till
deformation till

19
Q

what four processes make up ablation

A

melting
sublimation
calving
evaporation

20
Q

what are three ways glaciers deposit material

A

tills
moraines
erratics

21
Q

what four processes make up accumulation

A

direct snowfall
avalanches
wind
deposition

22
Q

what are seven ice contact erosional features

A

cirques
aretes
pyramidal peaks
glacial troughs
truncated spurs
hanging valleys
ribbon lakes

23
Q

what are four ice sheet scoured features

A

roches moutonnes
whalebacks
knock and lochan
crag and tail

24
Q

what are 6 ice contact depositional features

A

drumlins
medial moraines
lateral moraines
recessional moraines
erratics
terminal moraines

25
Q

what are three lowland depositional features

A

till plains
lodgement till
ablation till

26
Q

what are the four DISTINCTIVE characteristics most fluvio-glacial landforms have

A
  • stratification
  • sorting
  • imbrication - the angle they rest at
  • grading - rounded etc.
27
Q

what are three fluvial glacial ice contact features

A

kames
eskers
kame terraces

28
Q

what are four proglacial fluvial features

A

kame terraces
pro glacial lakes
meltwater channels
kettle holes

29
Q

what four environmental values do active and relict glaciated landscapes have

A

polar scientific research
wilderness
global store of freshwater
adds to gene pool

30
Q

what three cultural values do active and relict glaciated landscapes have

A

recreation - lakes
spiritual/religious associations - e.g. Bhutan
education - lakes

31
Q

what are five reasons why glaciated landscapes are important economically with e.g.s

A
  • farming, high andes, lakes
  • mining - svalbard, lakes
  • HEP - micro in lakes, huge in Sweden and Norway
  • tourism - anywhere - Alaska, Svalbard etc
  • forestry - Canada, lakes
32
Q

what is the typical biodiversity of glaciated and periglacial landscapes

A

tundra

33
Q

why are glaciated landscapes of massive global value to the water cycle and the carbon cycle

A

water - It is a global store and for people in places like high andes and Peru who rely on it for water supply and security
- carbon - permafrost stores 14% of global carbon

33
Q

what are the two threats to glaciated landscapes from natural hazards

A

avalanches
jokulhlaups (glacial outburst floods)

34
Q

what are three human activities that can threaten a glacial landscape

A

leisure and tourism
reservoir construction
urbanisation

35
Q

what are four ways human activity degrades the landscape

A

soil erosion
trampling
landslides
deforestation

36
Q

what four ways is global warming impacting glacial mass balance and in turn disrupting the hydrological cycle

A

melt water
river discharge
sediment yield
water quality

37
Q

what are the five spectrum of approaches with e.g.s

A

total protection e.g. ATS Antarctic Treaty System
comprehensive conservation e.g. kevo, Finland
sustainable management e.g. Lake District
sustainable exploitation e.g. artic council
do nothing - v. rare e.g. arctic council - Alaska

38
Q

what are the three variety of scales in conservation frameworks

A

international
national
local

39
Q

what are three international frameworks

A

Arctic council
UNCLOS
RAMSAR
UNESCO
Antarctic Treaty System

40
Q

what are two national frameworks

A

national parks
nature reserves
e.g. lakes, snowdonia

41
Q

what are two local frameworks

A

footpath protection
litter bins

42
Q

concluding point about frameworks

A

The only way to successfully manage glaciated environments = a variety of scales.
climate agreements are vital however there is still lag time as a result of global warming therefore national and local strategies are also needed to adapt to change

Geography summarised basics (4 decks)

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