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glaciation Flashcards

1
Q

what are the long term factors leading to climate change

A

milankovitch cycles - eccentricity, obliquity, precession

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2
Q

what are the short term factors leading to climate change

A
  • role of variations in solar output - sunspots
  • volcanic erutpions
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3
Q

what are the characteristics and causes of the short term events of the loch Lomond stadial and the little ice age

A

loch lomond stadial - ice sheets began melting, rapid deglaciation = glaciers re advanced all over the world including Scotland, snowdonia and lakes

little ice age - trough of cold temperature = rivers froze etc. glaciers advanced down valley’s

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4
Q

when was the Loch Lomond stadial

A

12,900 yrs ago

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5
Q

when’s the little ice age

A

1550-1750

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6
Q

what does the present distribution of ice depend on

A

high latitudes and high altitudes

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7
Q

name the three types of permafrost

A

continuous, discontinuous, sporadic

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8
Q

list 6 key periglacial processes

A

nivation, solifluction, freeze thaw, frost heave, high winds, meltwater erosion

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9
Q

what does positive feedback mean

A

making a small change larger

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10
Q

list 4 periglacial landforms

A

ice wedges
patterned ground
pingos - open and closed
loess

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11
Q

what does negative feedback mean

A

making a large change smaller

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12
Q

what are the reasons for variation of the mass balance and rates of accumulation and ablation

A
  • seasonality
  • long term change
  • climate change
  • glacier movement
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13
Q

how can warm based glaciers move

A
  • basal slip
  • regelation creep
  • internal deformation
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14
Q

how can cold based glaciers move

A

internal deformation only

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15
Q

what are the four main glacial process

A
  • erosion
  • entrainment
  • transport
  • deposition
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15
Q

list three mass balance factors that control the rate of movement

A

ice temperature
rates of accumulation
rates of ablation

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16
Q

list 5 physical factors that control the rate of movement

A

ALIAS
Altitude
Lithology/ bedrock permeability
Ice thickness
Amount of meltwater present
Slope angle - gradient

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17
Q

what are four erosional processes

A
  • abrasion
  • plucking
  • crushing and basal melting
  • freeze thaw and mass movement
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18
Q

what are three ways glaciers transport material

A

subglacially
englacially
supraglacially

18
Q

what are three entrainment processes

A

ablation till
lodgement till
deformation till

19
Q

what four processes make up ablation

A

melting
sublimation
calving
evaporation

20
Q

what are three ways glaciers deposit material

A

tills
moraines
erratics

21
Q

what four processes make up accumulation

A

direct snowfall
avalanches
wind
deposition

22
Q

what are seven ice contact erosional features

A

cirques
aretes
pyramidal peaks
glacial troughs
truncated spurs
hanging valleys
ribbon lakes

23
what are four ice sheet scoured features
roches moutonnes whalebacks knock and lochan crag and tail
24
what are 6 ice contact depositional features
drumlins medial moraines lateral moraines recessional moraines erratics terminal moraines
25
what are three lowland depositional features
till plains lodgement till ablation till
26
what are the four DISTINCTIVE characteristics most fluvio-glacial landforms have
- stratification - sorting - imbrication - the angle they rest at - grading - rounded etc.
27
what are three fluvial glacial ice contact features
kames eskers kame terraces
28
what are four proglacial fluvial features
kame terraces pro glacial lakes meltwater channels kettle holes
29
what four environmental values do active and relict glaciated landscapes have
polar scientific research wilderness global store of freshwater adds to gene pool
30
what three cultural values do active and relict glaciated landscapes have
recreation - lakes spiritual/religious associations - e.g. Bhutan education - lakes
31
what are five reasons why glaciated landscapes are important economically with e.g.s
- farming, high andes, lakes - mining - svalbard, lakes - HEP - micro in lakes, huge in Sweden and Norway - tourism - anywhere - Alaska, Svalbard etc - forestry - Canada, lakes
32
what is the typical biodiversity of glaciated and periglacial landscapes
tundra
33
why are glaciated landscapes of massive global value to the water cycle and the carbon cycle
water - It is a global store and for people in places like high andes and Peru who rely on it for water supply and security - carbon - permafrost stores 14% of global carbon
33
what are the two threats to glaciated landscapes from natural hazards
avalanches jokulhlaups (glacial outburst floods)
34
what are three human activities that can threaten a glacial landscape
leisure and tourism reservoir construction urbanisation
35
what are four ways human activity degrades the landscape
soil erosion trampling landslides deforestation
36
what four ways is global warming impacting glacial mass balance and in turn disrupting the hydrological cycle
melt water river discharge sediment yield water quality
37
what are the five spectrum of approaches with e.g.s
total protection e.g. ATS Antarctic Treaty System comprehensive conservation e.g. kevo, Finland sustainable management e.g. Lake District sustainable exploitation e.g. artic council do nothing - v. rare e.g. arctic council - Alaska
38
what are the three variety of scales in conservation frameworks
international national local
39
what are three international frameworks
Arctic council UNCLOS RAMSAR UNESCO Antarctic Treaty System
40
what are two national frameworks
national parks nature reserves e.g. lakes, snowdonia
41
what are two local frameworks
footpath protection litter bins
42
concluding point about frameworks
The only way to successfully manage glaciated environments = a variety of scales. climate agreements are vital however there is still lag time as a result of global warming therefore national and local strategies are also needed to adapt to change

Geography summarised basics (4 decks)

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